2

Tools for experimenters

The voltage required by TTL and CMOS logic chips is +5V. +12V, −5V and −12V are used by some A/D converters and operational amplifiers. Some circuit ideas of power supplies are given in Section 2.2 of this chapter. Measurement tools are used for measuring voltage, current, resistance and other physical properties or showing the waveform of a signal. Multimeters and oscilloscopes are essential tools for these purposes. For digital experiments in particular, logic probes are used for checking logic status and detecting digital pulses. Some logic probe circuits are given in Section 2.3. Analogue and digital signal generators are used for generating signals. Section 2.4 shows some circuit ideas. All interfacing experiments ...

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