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rigidity that prevents science and technology from becoming much more
productive than today.
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of
practice and theory (Rescher 2000). Pragmatism explains both meaning
and truth in terms of applications of ideas to performance of actions.
Meanings, inferences, principles or generalizations that do not have utility
are ultimately invalid. Knowledge is considered to be validated to the
extent it is applied in fi nding solutions to problems. Pragmatism describes a
process where theory is extracted from practice and applied back to practice
to form what may be called profi cient practice.
Another critical point is that in pragmatism the basis and origin of
reasoning ...