
31-1
31.1 Introduction
With an increasing demand for higher fuel economy in vehicles and environment-friendly solutions, the
last decade has seen a growing emphasis on electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). A hybrid vehicle is dened as a vehicle that uses two or more
on-board energy to power it. ese sources of power could be an internal combustion engine (ICE), fuel
cells, ultracapacitors, battery, ywheel, etc. Hybrid vehicles have proven to save energy and reduce pol-
lution by combining an electric motor and an ICE in such a way that the most desirable characteristics
of each ...