
33-1
33.1 Introduction
In the recent past, hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs/PHEVs) have been widely
accepted as viable alternatives to conventional vehicles, due to their environmentally friendly and
energy-wise features. In the form of a modied HEV, PHEVs are equipped with sucient on-board
electric power, to support daily driving (on an average of 40 miles/day in North America) in all-electric
mode, using only the energy stored in batteries, without consuming a drop of fuel. is, in turn, causes
the embedded internal combustion engine (ICE) to merely use a minimal amount of fossil fuel, to sup-
port further ...