Piezoelectric ceramic materials for power ultrasonic transducers
L. Pardo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Abstract
The active material of power ultrasonic transducers is a ferroelectric ceramic. The methods of characterization of these materials from resonance are a key issue in the transducer design. Worldwide regulations require lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramics to be substituted due to the hazards of PbO at the processing and lifetime of these materials. The main “lead-free” families are bismuth-layered structure ferroelectrics, solid solutions based on alkaline niobates (KNbO3-NaNbO3 or KNN), and those based on bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 or BNT). New compositions and oriented ...
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