Some applications cannot be adequately served by providing nothing
more than an ambiguous output-neuron activation
level.
Suppose that
we must design a neural network that resides in a fighter plane,
examining the radar return signature of distant objects. The purpose
of our network is to help the pilot judge whether or not a blip on the
screen is an aircraft. She would be dismayed if the network simply
reported that a blip that just appeared had activated the network's
output neuron to a 73-percent activation level! It would be far more
informative for the network to report that there is a 92-percent chance
that the blip is
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