Instrumental measures of whiteness
Abstract:
Several formulae exist in the market to describe what the human eye perceives as ‘whiteness’. As the eye tends to describe materials with a slightly bluish tint as ‘whiter’, e.g. the compensation of yellowish colours of raw materials with the help of blue colorants or optical brightening agents has become a common practice compared to former times, and so the existing formulae needed adjustment. Different applications define their own white standards or white references. This results in different indices for paper, textile and food industries, all of them using various mathematical calculations to describe what ‘their’ white is. The present chapter discusses various indices, such as those of MacAdam, ...
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