
22 Producing Fuels and Fine Chemicals from Biomass Using Nanomaterials
1 kg starch
20 L H
2
O
20 L EtOH
Gelatinization
140°C, 1.1 Atm, stir, 2 h
Retrogradation
5°C
Solvent exchange
stirring, filtration
Drying
50°C, vacuum, 24 h
1st stage carbonization
70°C–170°C, 12 h
2nd stage carbonization
170°C
–900°C, 2–3 h
20 g acid
catalyst
Pyrolysis
CO
2
, CO, H
2
O
CO
2
, CO, CH
4
H
2
CO, H
2
O
ExpansionDryingPyrolysis
Starch in flour
Porous gel block
Mesoporous starch
Granule swollen in hot water
and leaching amylose
St
water
gel
Retrograded starch gel
Heating in water
Cooling at 5°C
FIGURE 2.9 Diagrammatic representation of the main processing steps in the production of st ...