
32 Producing Fuels and Fine Chemicals from Biomass Using Nanomaterials
with high yields of conversion (within the 60%–80% range), whereas the second one
(e.g., single choline chloride in resorcinol-based synthesis) is fully recovered and
can be reused in subsequent reactions. However, using DES based on carbohydrates
(see ref. [109]) should improve even further the green character of this methodol-
ogy for the future production of carbon materials. Such DESs were found to serve
some basic function in living cells and organisms. They include sugars, some amino
acids, choline, and some organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, ...