
168 Producing Fuels and Fine Chemicals from Biomass Using Nanomaterials
can be physically achieved, but in this case, the interactions between enzyme and sup-
port are too weak for keeping enzyme xed to the support. Ionic and covalent bind-
ings are generally strong interactions avoiding the enzyme leaching from the surface.
The covalent binding is often used for the biocatalyst preparations since it offers the
advantage of almost unlimited pH and ionic strength values that is valuable for indus-
trial applications. However, this kind of immobilization has also the disadvantage
of irreversible deactivation of the enzyme catalytic capacity in the ...