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O'Reilly Platform
book
Python语言及其应用(第2版)
by
Bill Lubanovic
March 2022
Intermediate to advanced
522 pages
13h 52m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from
Python语言及其应用(第2版)
424
|
附录
A
度慢了数千倍,网络甚至更慢。这意味着程序员要花费大量时间在速度和成本之间做出最
佳权衡。
在
Computer Lat
ency at a Human Scale
中,
David Jeppesen
比较了各种访问时间。我汇总
出了一张表格(参见表
A-1
)
。相较于具体的时间,通过最后几列,即比率、相对时间
(
CPU=1
秒)和相对距离(
CPU=1
英寸)
,更容易理解比较这种形式。
表
A-1
:相对访问时间
位置
时间
比率
相对时间
相对距离
CPU
0.4
纳秒
1
1
秒
1
英寸
L1
缓存
0.9
纳秒
2
2
秒
2
英寸
L2
缓存
2.8
纳秒
7
7
秒
7
英寸
L3
缓存
28
纳秒
70
1
分钟
6
英尺
3
RAM
100
纳秒
250
4
分钟
20
英尺
SSD
100
微秒
250 000
3
天
4
英里
4
磁盘
10
毫秒
25 000 000
9
个月
400
英里
互联网:圣弗朗西斯科→纽约
65
毫秒
162 500 000
5
年
2500
英里
3 4
好在
CPU
指令实际上只需要不到
1
纳秒的时间,而不是整整
1
秒,否则在它访问磁盘的
这段时间里,“黄瓜菜都凉了”。因为磁盘和网络的访问时间比
CPU
和
RAM
慢得多
,所以
尽可能多地在内存中操作是有好处的。由于
CPU
本身比
RAM
快得多
,因此保持数据持续
不断是有意义的,这样
CPU
就可以从距离更近
、速度更快(但是容量较小)的缓存处获
取数据。
A.2
软件
如何控制计算机硬件呢?首先,需要两样东西:
指令
(告诉
CPU
做什么)和
数据
(指令
的输入和输出)。在
存储程序计算机
(
stored-program computer
)中
,一切皆被视为数据 ...
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Publisher Resources
ISBN: 9787115586223