Quantitative Pharmacology and Individualized Therapy Strategies in Development of Therapeutic Proteins for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases
by Honghui Zhou, Diane R. Mould
10Application of Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology to Current and Emerging Biologics in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Sihem Ait‐Oudhia Yi Ting (Kayla) Lien Sumit Basu Lawrence Lesko and Stephan Schmidt
University of Florida, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Orlando, FL, USA
10.1 Introduction
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) represent a group of intestinal disorders. Together, they are the third highest risk factor for colorectal cancer [1–4]. In the United States, IBDs affect approximately 1.3 million people. The majority of patients is between 15 and 30 years old [5,6]. IBDs are complex disorders, which evolve through several convoluted immunological pathways. They are characterized by processes of remission and relapse, which ultimately result in functional impairment of the gut wall. IBDs are typically classified into two major types: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). This classification is essentially based on the location of the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) [7,8]. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention defines IBD as “a broad term that describes conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the GIT with the two most common IBD being UC and CD.” Currently, there is no gold standard criteria for the diagnosis of IBD neither for distinguishing between UC and CD [9–13]. For example, one way to decipher UC from CD is through examination of their distinct ...