Directional couplers are used for many RF and microwave applications to function as attenuator, power splitter, hybrid junction, and most commonly a sampling device for measuring forward and backward waves on a TL [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Directional couplers can be implemented using TLs such as microstrip and stripline or lumped elements depending on the application and operational frequency. TL directional couplers give lower profile and are very popular due to their several advantages, including manufacturability, repeatability, and low cost. In the design of directional couplers when they are used as sampling devices, the key design parameters that the designer needs ...
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