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network of tunnels that extend for many miles, at dierent elevations below ground
surface and typically constructed with timber, concrete, and steel, and considered
to be extra-hazardous compared to other tunnel systems. Most mine disasters
are generated by earthquakes or geotechnical stress. On August 16, 2012, in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, at least 60 miners died from mine shaft collapse.
e mine tunnels collapse in China generated approximately 2600 deaths in 2010.
Due to the stringent regulations for mine workers safety in the United States, there
are fewer casualties caused by mine tunnels collapse compared to other countries.
3.9 Drainage Tunnels
A drainage tunnel is designed and const ...