346 ◾ Risk Assessment and Security
8.8.2.3.1 Effectiveness and Cost
e eectiveness and cost of preventive measures in terms of both physical and
operational measures can be assessed using risk acceptability analysis (refer to
Chapters 6 and 7), where an expert has to consider alternatives comparing the
strength and eectiveness of technology, policy, strategy, and operation for the con-
trollability of risks of terrorism.
Physical measures require planning, design, permits, construction, regular
inspection, and maintenance to retain excellent performance. Operational mea-
sures involve operators or personnel for security, safety, and defense. If there are no
policies enforcing the use of new preventive measures and defensive systems, then
the ...