Signal Processing for 5G: Algorithms and Implementations

Chapter 113D Propagation Channels: Modeling and Measurements

Andreas F. Molisch

1. 11.1 Introduction and Motivation
   1. 11.1.1 Full-dimensional MIMO
   2. 11.1.2 Fundamental Channel Descriptions
2. 11.2 Measurement Techniques
   1. 11.2.1 Basic Channel Measurement Techniques
   2. 11.2.2 MIMO Sounders
   3. 11.2.3 Parameter Extraction Techniques
   4. 11.2.4 Ray Tracing
3. 11.3 Propagation Effects
   1. 11.3.1 Urban Macrocells
   2. 11.3.2 Outdoor-to-indoor
4. 11.4 Measurement Results
   1. 11.4.1 Angular Spreads at the Mobile Station
   2. 11.4.2 Angular Spreads at the Base Station
5. 11.5 Channel Models
   1. 11.5.1 Fundamental Modeling Methods
   2. 11.5.2 Regular and Irregular GSCMs
   3. 11.5.3 3GPP Channel Models
6. 11.6 Summary and Open Issues
7. Acknowledgements
8. Disclaimer
9. References

11.1 Introduction and Motivation

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can give tremendous performance improvements over single antenna systems because of their beamforming, spatial multiplexing and multi-user capabilities (see for example Chapter 20 of [1]). Since the original papers suggesting MIMO for wireless communications [2, 3], thousands of papers have been written on this topic, and a large variety of transmission schemes, receiver structures and signal processing methods have been developed. MIMO has been adopted as a key component of both wireless LAN and 4G cellular systems, and will similarly play a key role in 5G systems.

Recently, massive MIMO has gained a lot of attention because of its ability to improve the spectrum efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) ...