Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures

7Intelligent Charging for Electric Vehicles—Scheduling in Battery Exchanges Stations

An environmentally friendly lifestyle is the trend in recent years, as the number of plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) increases each day. As discussed in the previous chapter, PHEVs and EVs may also be considered as energy storage units in the smart grid to contribute in demand response. In this chapter, we study intelligent smart charging schemes for PHEVs and EVs in the smart grid. In particular, we introduce battery exchange stations into the demand‐side management system so that the PHEVs and EVs can help smooth the load on the power grid. Two centralized schemes for optimal charging are proposed to achieve the minimum peak‐to‐average ratio in the smart grid. We also propose a game theoretical scheme so that the battery exchange stations can participate in the DSM system without handing over control to the control center.

7.1 Background and Related Work

7.1.1 Background and Overview

PHEVs and EVs (we will use PHEV in the rest of the chapter for simplicity) consume much less fossil fuel and produce low levels of greenhouse gas emissions (or none at all) compared to traditional vehicles based on fossil fuels [115–118]. However, PHEVs will significantly increase the load on the power grid. For example, if of conventional vehicles in the United States were replaced ...