
54 Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R
the original data file had no head er line, the columns of the data frame will have the default names
V1, V2, .... Use head(ves) to see the first few rows of data, and summary(ves) to see a
summary of the values in each column of the data frame. See Section 2.1.6 for more on data frame s.
It is important to check that e ach column of data belo ngs to the intended class. Note that a col-
umn of character strings in the text file will be converted to a factor (categorical variable) b y default.
Conversion to a factor would proba bly be appropriate for the Species column in Figure 3.1. How- ...