book

Superconductors in the Power Grid

by C. Rey

April 2015

Intermediate to advanced

462 pages

15h 34m

English

Woodhead Publishing

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1.1. Introduction1.2. Overview of the electric power grid1.3. Elements of the electric power grid1.4. Superconductivity1.5. Status and prospects of superconductor power equipment1.6. Conclusion and future trends
2.1. History2.2. Meissner effect2.3. London equations and magnetic penetration depth2.4. Critical currents in type I superconductors2.5. Magnetization in type I superconductors2.6. Intermediate state2.7. Coherence length2.8. Type II superconductors2.9. The mixed state: Hc1 and Hc22.10. Reversible magnetization in type II superconductors2.11. Critical currents and irreversible magnetic properties of type II superconductors2.12. Entropy and free energy2.13. Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory2.14. Low-temperature metallic superconductors (LTS): NbTi, Nb3Sn, and MgB22.15. High-temperature superconductivity2.16. Comparison of HTS to LTS properties and summary of fundamental parameters2.17. Practical superconductors
3.1. Introduction3.2. Properties of bismuth-based oxide (BSCCO)3.3. Fabrication of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires3.4. Applications of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires3.5. Future trends
4.1. Introduction4.2. Second-generation (2G) materials and wire design4.3. 2G wire fabrication approaches4.4. 2G manufacturers and wire properties4.5. Applications (brief review of major applications for 2G wire)4.6. Conclusion and future trends4.7. Sources of further information and advice
5.1. Introduction5.2. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) AC cable design5.3. AC loss of HTS cables5.4. Terminations5.5. Cryogenic refrigeration systems for HTS AC cables5.6. Principles of fault-current-limiting HTS AC cables5.7. Inductance and capacitance
5.9. Conclusion: commercial prospects for HTS AC cable
6.1. Introduction6.2. Superconducting cable systems: key elements6.3. Superconducting materials6.4. Cable conductors and electrical insulation6.5. Cable cryostat6.6. Cable terminations and joints6.7. Cryogenic machine6.8. DC superconductive cable system configurations6.9. Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system6.10. Power losses from AC ripples6.11. Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconducting system to a conventional system6.12. Opportunities for DC Superconducting Cables6.13. Conclusions
7.1. History of superconducting cables7.2. Introduction to GHe-cooled superconducting cables7.3. Potential applications of GHe cables7.4. Technical issues pertinent to GHe-cooled high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables7.5. Dielectric design aspects of helium gas-cooled HTS cables7.6. Design aspects for GHe-cooled HTS cable terminations7.7. Cryogenic helium circulation systems7.8. Ongoing GHe-cooled HTS cable projects7.9. Summary
8.1. Introduction8.2. Thermal loads8.3. Topology of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable cooling circuits8.4. Coolant selection8.5. Refrigeration system overview8.6. Types of refrigeration systems8.7. Recent installations8.8. Future trends8.9. Conclusions
9.1. Introduction9.2. Utility requirements for fault-current-limiting parameters9.3. Designs and operation principles of various types of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs)9.4. Status of fault current limiters development and implementation9.5. Comparison of different fault current limiters9.6. Applicability of superconducting fault current limiters in power systems9.7. Future trends9.8. Sources of further information
10.1. Introduction10.2. Principles of superconducting (SC) motors and generators10.3. Types of SC motors and generators10.4. Prototypes built to date10.5. SC wire and cryorefrigeration requirements10.6. Conclusion and future trends
11.1. Introduction11.2. Construction of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES): maximising energy storage and minimising cost11.3. Materials11.4. Competing technologies11.5. Markets11.6. Future developments
12.1. Introduction12.2. Transformers and the electricity grid12.3. A brief history of superconducting transformers12.4. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers – general principles12.5. AC loss in transformer windings12.6. Cryogenic systems for HTS transformers12.7. Challenges for HTS transformers12.8. The HTS transformer value proposition – total cost of ownership (TCO)12.9. Conclusions
13.1. Introduction13.2. Research and development of superconductors in power in China13.3. The 10 kV superconducting power substation in Baiyin City, Gansu Province13.4. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and the 360 m/10 kA superconducting DC power cable (Xiao et al., 2012b; Xin et al., 2010, 2013)13.5. Superconducting magnetic energy storage13.6. Future trends13.7. Sources of further information and advice

Overview

Superconductors offer high throughput with low electric losses and have the potential to transform the electric power grid. Transmission networks incorporating cables of this type could, for example, deliver more power and enable substantial energy savings. Superconductors in the Power Grid: Materials and Applications provides an overview of superconductors and their applications in power grids. Sections address the design and engineering of cable systems and fault current limiters and other emerging applications for superconductors in the power grid, as well as case studies of industrial applications of superconductors in the power grid.