Book description
The edition expands on loudspeaker configurations and design issues, sound reinforcement issues, more on lowpass and highpass filters, and may other filters.
Table of contents
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
-
Chapter 1: Crossover Basics
- What a Crossover Does
- Why a Crossover Is Necessary
- Beaming and Lobing
- Passive Crossovers
- Active Crossover Applications
- Bi-Amping and Bi-Wiring
- Loudspeaker Cables
- The Advantages and Disadvantages of Active Crossovers
- The Next Step in Hi-Fi
- Active Crossover Systems
- Matching Crossovers and Loudspeakers
- A Modest Proposal: Popularising Active Crossovers
- Multi-Way Connectors
- Subjectivism
-
Chapter 2: How Loudspeakers Work
- Sealed-Box Loudspeakers
- Reflex (Ported) Loudspeakers
- Auxiliary Bass Radiator (ABR) Loudspeakers
- Transmission Line Loudspeakers
- Horn Loudspeakers
- Electrostatic Loudspeakers
- Ribbon Loudspeakers
- Electromagnetic Planar Loudspeakers
- Air-Motion Transformers
- Plasma Arc Loudspeakers
- The Rotary Woofer
- MTM Tweeter-Mid Configurations (d’Appolito)
- Vertical Line Arrays
- CBT Line Arrays
- Diffraction
- Sound Absorption in Air
- Modulation Distortion
- Drive Unit Distortion
- Doppler Distortion
- Further Reading on Loudspeaker Design
- Chapter 3: Crossover Requirements
-
Chapter 4: Crossover Types
- All-Pole and Non-All-Pole Crossovers
- Symmetric and Asymmetric Crossovers
- Allpass and Constant-Power Crossovers
- Constant-Voltage Crossovers
- First-Order Crossovers
- First-Order Solen Split Crossover
- First-Order Crossovers: 3-Way
- Second-Order Crossovers
- Third-Order Crossovers
- Fourth-Order Crossovers
- Higher-Order Crossovers
- Determining Frequency Offsets
- Filler-Driver Crossovers
- The Duelund Crossover
- Crossover Topology
- Crossover Conclusions
- Chapter 5: Notch Crossovers
- Chapter 6: Subtractive Crossovers
-
Chapter 7: Lowpass and Highpass Filter Characteristics
- Active Filters
- Lowpass Filters
- Highpass Filters
- Bandpass Filters
- Notch Filters
- Allpass Filters
- All-Stop Filters
- Brickwall Filters
- The Order of a Filter
- Filter Cutoff Frequencies and Characteristic Frequencies
- First-Order Filters
- Second-Order and Higher-Order Filters
- Filter Characteristics
- Higher-Order Filters
- More Complex Filters—Adding Zeros
- Some Lesser-Known Filter Characteristics
- Other Filter Characteristics
-
Chapter 8: Designing Lowpass Filters: Sallen & Key
- Designing Real Filters
- Component Sensitivity
- First-Order Lowpass Filters
- Second-Order Filters
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass Filters
- Sallen & Key Lowpass Filter Components
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass: Unity Gain
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass Unity Gain: Component Sensitivity
- Filter Frequency Scaling
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass: Equal Capacitor
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass Equal-C: Component Sensitivity
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Butterworth Lowpass: Defined Gains
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass: Non-Equal Resistors
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Lowpass: Optimisation
- Sallen & Key 3rd-Order Lowpass: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 3rd-Order Lowpass: Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 3rd-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage: Non-Equal Resistors
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Lowpass: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Lowpass: Single-Stage Butterworth
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Lowpass: Single-Stage Linkwitz-Riley
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Lowpass: Single Stage With Non-Equal Resistors
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Lowpass: Single Stage With Other Filter Characteristics
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Lowpass: Three Stages
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Lowpass: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Lowpass: Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 6th-Order Lowpass: Three Stages
- Sallen & Key 6th-Order Lowpass: Single Stage
- Sallen & Key Lowpass: Input Impedance
- Linkwitz-Riley Lowpass With Sallen & Key Filters: Loading Effects
- Lowpass Filters With Attenuation
- Bandwidth Definition Filters
- Bandwidth Definition: Butterworth Versus Bessel
- Variable-Frequency Lowpass Filters: Sallen & Key
-
Chapter 9: Designing Highpass Filters
- First-Order Highpass Filters
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Filters
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Highpass Filters
- Sallen & Key Highpass Filter Components
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Highpass: Unity Gain
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Highpass: Equal Resistors
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Butterworth Highpass: Defined Gains
- Sallen & Key 2nd-Order Highpass: Non-Equal Capacitors
- Sallen & Key 3rd-Order Highpass: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 3rd-Order Highpass in a Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Highpass: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Highpass: Butterworth in a Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Highpass: Linkwitz-Riley in a Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 4th-Order Highpass: Single-Stage With Other Filter Characteristics
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Highpass: Three Stages
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Butterworth Filter: Two Stages
- Sallen & Key 5th-Order Highpass: Single Stage
- Sallen & Key 6th-Order Highpass: Three Stages
- Sallen & Key 6th-Order Highpass: Single Stage
- Sallen & Key Highpass: Input Impedance
- Bandwidth Definition Filters
- Bandwidth Definition: Subsonic Filters
- Bandwidth Definition: Combined Ultrasonic and Subsonic Filters
- Variable-Frequency Highpass Filters: Sallen & Key
-
Chapter 10: Other Lowpass and Highpass Filters
- Designing Filters
- Multiple-Feedback Filters
- Multiple-Feedback 2nd-Order Lowpass Filters
- Multiple-Feedback 2nd-Order Highpass Filters
- Multiple-Feedback 3rd-Order Filters
- Biquad Filters
- Akerberg-Mossberg Lowpass Filter
- Akerberg-Mossberg Highpass Filters
- Tow-Thomas Biquad Lowpass and Bandpass Filter
- Tow-Thomas Biquad Notch and Allpass Responses
- Tow-Thomas Biquad Highpass Filter
- State-Variable Filters
- Variable-Frequency Filters: State-Variable 2nd Order
- Variable-Frequency Filters: State-Variable 4th-Order
- Variable-Frequency Filters: Other Orders of State-Variable
- Other Filters
-
Chapter 11: Lowpass and Highpass Filter Performance
- Aspects of Filter Performance: Noise and Distortion
- Distortion in Active Filters
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: The Distortion Aggravation Factor
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: Looking for DAF
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 2nd-Order Lowpass
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 2nd-Order Highpass
- Mixed Capacitors in Low-Distortion 2nd-Order Sallen & Key Filters
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 3rd-Order Lowpass Single Stage
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 3rd-Order Highpass Single Stage
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 4th-Order Lowpass Single Stage
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: 4th-Order Highpass Single Stage
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: Simulations
- Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: Capacitor Conclusions
- Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: The Distortion Aggravation Factor
- Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: 2nd-Order Lowpass
- Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: 2nd-Order Highpass
- Distortion in Tow-Thomas Filters: 2nd-Order Lowpass
- Distortion in Tow-Thomas Filters: 2nd-Order Highpass
- Noise in Active Filters
- Noise and Bandwidth
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 2nd-Order Lowpass
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 2nd-Order Highpass
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 3rd-Order Lowpass Single Stage
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 3rd-Order Highpass Single Stage
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 4th-Order Lowpass Single Stage
- Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: 4th-Order Highpass Single Stage
- Noise in Multiple-Feedback Filters: 2nd-Order Lowpass
- Noise in Multiple-Feedback Filters: 2nd-Order Highpass
- Noise in Tow-Thomas Filters
- Chapter 12: Bandpass and Notch Filters
-
Chapter 13: Time-Delay Filters
- The Requirement for Delay Compensation
- Calculating the Required Delays
- Signal Summation
- Physical Methods of Delay Compensation
- Delay Filter Technology
- Sample Crossover and Delay Filter Specification
- Allpass Filters in General
- First-Order Allpass Filters
- Distortion and Noise in 1st-Order Allpass Filters
- Cascaded 1st-Order Allpass Filters
- Second-Order Allpass Filters
- Distortion and Noise in 2nd-Order Allpass Filters
- Third-Order Allpass Filters
- Distortion and Noise in 3rd-Order Allpass Filters
- Higher-Order Allpass Filters
- Delay Lines for Subtractive Crossovers
- Variable Allpass Time Delays
- Lowpass Filters for Time Delays
-
Chapter 14: Equalisation
- The Need for Equalisation
- What Equalisation Can and Can’t Do
- Loudspeaker Equalisation
- 1 Drive Unit Equalisation
- 2 6 dB/octave Dipole Equalisation
- 3 Bass Response Extension
- 4 Diffraction Compensation Equalisation
- 5 Room Interaction Correction
- Equalisation Circuits
- HF-Boost and LF-Cut Equaliser
- HF-Cut and LF-Boost Equaliser
- Combined HF-Boost and HF-Cut Equaliser
- Adjustable Peak/Dip Equalisers: Fixed Frequency and Low Q
- Adjustable Peak/Dip Equalisers: Variable Centre Frequency and Low Q
- Adjustable Peak/Dip Equalisers With High Q
- Parametric Equalisers
- The Bridged-T Equaliser
- The Biquad Equaliser
- Capacitance Multiplication for the Biquad Equaliser
- Equalisers With Non-Standard Slopes
- Equalisation by Filter Frequency Offset
- Equalisation by Adjusting All Filter Parameters
-
Chapter 15: Passive Components for Active Crossovers
- Component Values
- Resistors
- Resistors: Values and Tolerances
- Improving Accuracy With Multiple Components: Gaussian Distribution
- Resistor Value Distributions
- Improving Accuracy With Multiple Components: Uniform Distribution
- Obtaining Arbitrary Resistance Values
- Other Resistor Combinations
- Resistor Noise: Johnson and Excess Noise
- Resistor Non-Linearity
- Capacitors: Values and Tolerances
- Obtaining Arbitrary Capacitance Values
- Capacitor Shortcomings
- Non-Electrolytic Capacitor Non-Linearity
- Electrolytic Capacitor Non-Linearity
-
Chapter 16: Opamps for Active Crossovers
- Active Devices for Active Crossovers
- Opamp Types
- Opamp Properties: Noise
- Opamp Properties: Slew Rate
- Opamp Properties: Common-Mode Range
- Opamp Properties: Input Offset Voltage
- Opamp Properties: Bias Current
- Opamp Properties: Cost
- Opamp Properties: Internal Distortion
- Opamp Properties: Slew Rate Limiting Distortion
- Opamp Properties: Distortion Due to Loading
- Opamp Properties: Common-Mode Distortion
- Opamps Surveyed
- The TL072 Opamp
- The NE5532 and 5534 Opamps
- The LM4562 Opamp
- The LME49990 Opamp
- The AD797 Opamp
- The OP27 Opamp
- Opamp Selection
-
Chapter 17: Active Crossover System Design
- Crossover Features
- Features Usually Absent
- Switchable Crossover Modes
- Noise, Headroom, and Internal Levels
- Circuit Noise and Low-Impedance Design
- Using Raised Internal Levels
- Placing the Output Attenuator
- The Amplitude/Frequency Distribution of Musical Signals and Internal Levels
- Gain Structures
- Noise Gain
- Active Gain Controls
- Filter Order in the Signal Path
- Output Level Controls
- Mute Switches
- Phase-Invert Switches
- Distributed Peak Detection
- Power Amplifier Considerations
-
Chapter 18: Subwoofer Crossovers
- Subwoofer Applications
- Subwoofer Technologies
- Subwoofer Drive Units
- Hi-Fi Subwoofers
-
Home Entertainment Subwoofers
- Low-Level Inputs (Unbalanced)
- Low-Level Inputs (Balanced)
- High-Level Inputs
- High-Level Outputs
- Mono Summing
- LFE Input
- Level Control
- Crossover In/Out Switch
- Crossover Frequency Control (Lowpass Filter)
- Highpass Subsonic Filter
- Phase Switch (Normal/Inverted)
- Variable Phase Control
- Signal Activation Out of Standby
- Home Entertainment Crossovers
- Power Amplifiers for Home Entertainment Subwoofers
- Subwoofer Integration
- Sound-Reinforcement Subwoofers
- Aux-Fed Subwoofers
- Automotive Audio Subwoofers
- Chapter 19: Motional Feedback Loudspeakers
-
Chapter 20: Line Inputs
- External Signal Levels
- Internal Signal Levels
- Input Amplifier Functions
- Unbalanced Inputs
- Balanced Interconnections
- The Advantages of Balanced Interconnections
- The Disadvantages of Balanced Interconnections
- Balanced Cables and Interference
- Balanced Connectors
- Balanced Signal Levels
- Electronic vs Transformer Balanced Inputs
- Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
- The Basic Electronic Balanced Input
- Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: Opamp Gain
- Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: Opamp Frequency Response
- Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: Opamp CMRR
- Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: Amplifier Component Mismatches
- A Practical Balanced Input
- Variations on the Balanced Input Stage
- Combined Unbalanced and Balanced Inputs
- The Superbal Input
- Switched-Gain Balanced Inputs
- Variable-Gain Balanced Inputs
- The Self Variable-Gain Balanced Input
- High Input Impedance Balanced Inputs
- The Instrumentation Amplifier
- Instrumentation Amplifier Applications
- The Instrumentation Amplifier With 4x Gain
- The Instrumentation Amplifier at Unity Gain
- Transformer Balanced Inputs
- Input Overvoltage Protection
- Noise and Balanced Inputs
- Low-Noise Balanced Inputs
- Low-Noise Balanced Inputs in Real Life
- Ultra-Low-Noise Balanced Inputs
- Chapter 21: Line Outputs
- Chapter 22: Power Supply Design
-
Chapter 23: An Active Crossover Design
- Design Principles
- Example Crossover Specification
- The Gain Structure
- Resistor Selection
- Capacitor Selection
- The Balanced Line Input Stage
- The Bandwidth Definition Filter
- The HF Path: 3 kHz Linkwitz-Riley Highpass Filter
- The HF Path: Time-Delay Compensation
- The MID Path: Topology
- The MID Path: 400 Hz Linkwitz-Riley Highpass Filter
- The MID Path: 3 kHz Linkwitz-Riley Lowpass Filter
- The MID Path: Time-Delay Compensation
- The LF Path: 400 Hz Linkwitz-Riley Lowpass Filter
- The LF Path: No Time-Delay Compensation
- Output Attenuators and Level Trim Controls
- Balanced Outputs
- Crossover Programming
- Noise Analysis: Input Circuitry
- Noise Analysis: HF Path
- Noise Analysis: MID Path
- Noise Analysis: LF Path
- Improving the Noise Performance: The MID Path
- Improving the Noise Performance: The Input Circuitry
- The Noise Performance: Comparisons With Power Amplifier Noise
- Conclusion
- Appendix 1 Crossover Design References
- Appendix 2 US Crossover Patents
- Appendix 3 Crossover and Loudspeaker Articles in Wireless World/Electronics World
- Appendix 4 Loudspeaker Design References
- Appendix 5 Component Series E3 to E96
- Index
Product information
- Title: The Design of Active Crossovers, 2nd Edition
- Author(s):
- Release date: March 2018
- Publisher(s): Routledge
- ISBN: 9781351741460
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