> On top of this public architecture is Layer 3, the firm’s private
IT architecture that includes the hardware boxes—that is, the
computers and servers (database and application servers) and
the systems software, such as the operating systems, databases,
and any middleware platforms that the firm may use. The ap-
plication software uses various pieces in the private and public
architecture to enable the business processes within a firm.
The lower two layers of ICT architecture focus on standardi-
zation and efficiency. Often, some or all parts of these layers can
be managed by third parties. These ICT layers also span beyond
the firm to include suppliers ...