20 LARGE-SCALE EVENTS AND SOFT POWER Reconfiguration and continuity in light of the COVID-19 pandemic
Introduction
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, large-scale events had collectively represented a significant soft power resource. These events had been undertaken by international actors to ‘further their interests and improve their international standing’ (Grix, Brannagan, & Houlihan 2015, p. 464). Examples of these sorts of events include Expo, the Commonwealth Games, the Sapporo Snow Festival, the US Open and the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, among many others. They attracted thousands of international tourists, whose travelling needs were carefully met by the events’ host-organizations. ...
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