Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR Methods

7 DOSY Methods for Studying Non-equilibrium Molecular and Ionic Systems

Muslim Dvoyashkin^1,*, Monika Schönhoff², and Ville-Veikko Telkki³

¹ Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany ² Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany ³ NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland ^* Corresponding Author

7.1 Introduction

The ability to “encode” and “decode” spin coherences via the superimposition of homogeneous and intentionally inhomogeneous magnetic fields enabled a plethora of powerful NMR techniques, including the pulsed field-gradient (PFG) NMR (also frequently referred to as DOSY, PGSE/PGSTE NMR, or Affinity NMR), NMR imaging, rheo-NMR, electrophoretic-, and ultrafast NMR methods. This powerful toolbox of methods is daily utilized to investigate various biological (e.g. medical diagnostic by magnetic resonance tomography) and chemical systems. Among the relevant processes characteristic for both are molecular and ionic transport within various functional nanoenvironments, which can be studied directly by gradient NMR methods. Being omnipresent in nature, it remains at the core of many technological processes securing our daily life.

An extensive description of gradient NMR techniques and their application in diffusion studies exists in the literature [1–4]. In this context, the present chapter highlights the recent advances only with an emphasis on studying the non-equilibrium systems. This chapter ...