book

Ubuntu® Linux® Secrets

by Richard Blum

April 2009

Beginner

836 pages

19h 50m

English

Wiley

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Who Should Read This BookHow This Book Is OrganizedConventions and FeaturesSecretsMinimum RequirementsWhere to Go from Here
1.1. What Is Linux?1.1.1. The Linux Kernel1.1.1.1. System Memory Management1.1.1.2. Software Program Management1.1.1.3. Hardware Management1.1.1.4. Filesystem Management1.1.2. The GNU Utilities1.1.2.1. The Core GNU Utilities1.1.2.2. The Shell1.1.3. The Linux Desktop Environment1.1.3.1. The X Windows System1.1.3.2. The GNOME Desktop1.1.3.3. The KDE Desktop1.1.3.4. Other Desktops1.2. Linux Distributions1.2.1. Core Linux Distributions1.2.2. Specialized Linux Distributions1.2.3. The Linux LiveCD1.3. What Is Ubuntu?1.3.1. Ubuntu Versions1.3.2. Ubuntu Release Schedule1.3.3. Ubuntu Cousins1.4. Summary
2.1. The Ubuntu LiveCD2.2. Downloading Ubuntu2.2.1. Downloading from the Web2.2.1.1. Finding the Right Version2.2.1.2. Interrupting and Restarting the Download2.2.2. Using BitTorrent to Download2.2.2.1. Installing P2P Software2.2.2.2. Start the Download Process2.2.3. Verifying the File2.2.3.1. Using MD5 Sums2.2.3.2. Calculating MD5 Sums2.2.3.2.1. Mac OS X and Linux2.2.3.2.2. Windows2.3. Creating the LiveCD2.3.1. Burning CDs in Linux2.3.2. Burning CDs in Mac OS X2.3.3. Burning CDs in Windows2.4. Booting the LiveCD2.4.1. The Boot Process2.4.2. Using Ubuntu2.4.3. The LiveCD Desktop2.4.4. Storing Files2.4.4.1. Using the Windows Partition2.4.4.2. Using USB Devices2.4.4.3. Using Network Shares2.5. Running Ubuntu in Windows2.5.1. The Wubi Project2.5.2. Installing in Windows2.5.3. Running Ubuntu in Windows2.6. Summary
3.1. Preparing Your PC3.1.1. System Requirements3.1.2. Creating a Place for Ubuntu3.1.2.1. Installing a Second Hard Drive3.1.2.2. Partitioning an Existing Hard Drive3.1.2.2.1. Examining the Current Hard Drive Setup3.1.2.2.2. Determining Free Space3.1.2.2.3. Defragmenting Files3.2. Installing from the LiveCD3.2.1. Select a Language3.2.2. Select a Time Zone3.2.3. Select a Keyboard3.2.4. Prepare the Disk Space3.2.5. Create a Login ID3.2.6. Migrate Documents and Settings3.2.7. Review Options3.3. Installing from the Alternate Install CD3.3.1. Guided Partitions3.3.2. Manual Partitions3.4. Server Installation3.4.1. Main Installation3.4.2. Server Programs3.4.2.1. The DNS Server3.4.2.2. The LAMP Server3.4.2.3. The Tomcat Server3.4.2.4. The Mail Server3.4.2.5. The OpenSSH Server3.4.2.6. The PostgreSQL Server3.4.2.7. The Print Server3.4.2.8. The Samba File Server3.5. Upgrading Ubuntu3.6. Summary
4.1. Desktop Features4.1.1. The Top Panel4.1.1.1. The Menu Area4.1.1.1.1. The Applications Menu4.1.1.1.2. The Places Menu4.1.1.1.3. The System Menu4.1.1.2. The Quick-launch Area4.1.1.3. The Applet Section4.1.2. The Desktop Workspace4.1.3. The Bottom Panel4.1.3.1. The Desktop Viewer4.1.3.2. The Taskbar Area4.1.3.3. The Workspace Switcher4.1.3.4. The Trash Icon4.2. Modifying the Desktop4.2.1. Adding to the Panel Menus4.2.2. Adding Panel Applets4.2.2.1. Application Launchers4.2.2.2. The Deskbar4.2.2.3. Creating a New Menu4.2.3. Adding Desktop Icons4.3. Desktop Appearance4.3.1. The Desktop Theme4.3.2. The Background4.3.3. Fonts4.3.4. Interface4.3.5. Visual Effects4.4. Accessibility Features4.4.1. Preferred Applications4.4.1.1. Visual Tools4.4.1.2. Typing Tools4.4.2. Keyboard Features4.4.3. Mouse Features4.5. Summary

5.1. The Linux Filesystem5.1.1. Filepaths5.1.2. Filenames5.2. Nautilus5.2.1. Nautilus Window Components5.2.1.1. The Top Menu Bar5.2.1.2. The Toolbar5.2.1.3. The Location Bar5.2.1.4. The Left Pane5.2.1.5. The Status Bar5.2.2. Browser Versus Spatial Mode5.2.3. Modifying Nautilus Windows5.2.3.1. The Views Tab5.2.3.2. The Behavior Tab5.2.3.3. The Display Tab5.2.3.4. The List Columns Tab5.2.3.5. The Preview Tab5.2.3.6. The Media Tab5.3. Handling Files5.3.1. Creating New Files and Folders5.3.2. Copying and Moving Files5.3.3. Running Programs5.3.4. Deleting Files5.4. File Properties5.4.1. Basic Properties5.4.2. Emblems5.4.3. Permissions5.4.4. Open With5.4.5. Notes5.5. Summary
6.1. The gedit Editor6.1.1. Starting gedit6.1.2. Basic gedit Features6.1.3. Setting Preferences6.1.3.1. View6.1.3.2. Editor6.1.3.3. Font & Colors6.1.3.4. Plug-ins6.2. The Character Map6.3. The vim Editor6.3.1. The Basics of vim6.3.2. Editing Data6.3.3. Copy and Paste6.3.4. Search and Substitute6.4. The emacs Editor6.4.1. Using emacs on the Console6.4.1.1. The Basics of emacs6.4.1.2. Editing Data6.4.1.3. Copying and Pasting6.4.1.4. Searching and Replacing6.4.1.5. Using Buffers in emacs6.4.1.6. Using Windows in Console Mode emacs6.4.2. Using emacs in GNOME6.5. The Tomboy Notes Application6.5.1. Starting Tomboy Notes6.5.2. Creating Notes6.5.3. Editing Notes6.5.4. Organizing Notes6.5.5. Changing Preferences6.5.6. Tomboy Add-ins6.6. Summary
7.1. The OpenOffice.org Suite7.2. Word Processing7.2.1. Writer Features7.2.1.1. The Menu Bar7.2.1.2. The Standard Toolbar7.2.1.3. The Formatting Bar7.2.1.4. The Ruler7.2.1.5. The Document Pane7.2.2. Working with Writer Files7.3. Spreadsheets7.3.1. The OpenOffice.org Calc Layout7.3.1.1. The Menu Bar7.3.1.2. The Standard Toolbar7.3.1.3. The Formatting Bar7.3.1.4. The Formula Bar7.3.1.5. The Document Pane7.3.2. Working with Calc Files7.4. Presentations7.4.1. Using the Presentation Wizard7.4.2. Taking a Tour of OpenOffice.org Impress7.4.2.1. The Menu Bar7.4.2.2. The Standard Toolbar7.4.2.3. The Line and Filling Bar7.4.2.4. The Document Pane7.4.2.5. The Drawing Bar7.4.3. Working with Impress Files7.5. Database7.5.1. Getting Help from the Wizard7.5.1.1. Creating a New Database File in the Database Wizard7.5.1.2. Opening an Existing File in the Database Wizard7.5.2. Taking a Tour of Base7.5.2.1. The Menu Bar7.5.2.2. The Standard Toolbar7.5.2.3. The Database Pane7.5.2.4. The Tasks Pane7.5.2.5. The Tables/Queries/Forms/Reports Pane7.5.3. Working with Tables7.6. Drawing7.6.1. Taking a Tour of OpenOffice.org Draw7.6.1.1. The Menu Bar7.6.1.2. The Standard Toolbar7.6.1.3. The Line and Filling Bar7.6.1.4. The Ruler7.6.1.5. The Document Pane7.6.1.6. The Drawing Bar7.6.2. Working with Draw Files7.7. Math7.7.1. Starting Math7.7.2. The Math Layout7.7.2.1. The Menu Bar7.7.2.2. The Standard Toolbar7.7.2.3. The Document Pane7.7.3. Working with Math7.8. Summary
8.1. The Ubuntu Internet Software Suite8.2. Ekiga8.3. Firefox8.3.1. Walking Through Firefox8.3.1.1. The Menu Bar8.3.1.2. The Navigation Toolbar8.3.1.3. The Bookmark Toolbar8.3.1.4. The Browser Window8.3.2. Configuring Firefox8.3.2.1. Main Preferences8.3.2.2. Tabs8.3.2.3. Content Settings8.3.2.4. Applications8.3.2.5. Privacy8.3.2.6. Security8.3.2.7. Advanced Preferences8.3.3. Working with Add-ons8.4. Pidgin8.4.1. Using the Pidgin Instant Messenger8.4.2. Pidgin Preferences8.5. Remote Desktop Viewer8.6. Terminal Server Client8.7. Transmission8.8. gFTP8.9. Summary
9.1. The Evolution Suite9.2. Starting Evolution9.2.1. Obtain Email Client Info9.2.2. Run the Wizard9.2.2.1. Restore from Backup9.2.2.2. Identity Information9.2.2.3. Receiving Email9.2.2.3.1. POP9.2.2.3.2. IMAP9.2.2.4. Sending Email9.2.2.5. Final Configuration9.3. The Evolution Window9.3.1. The Menu Bar9.3.2. The Toolbar9.3.3. The Search Tool9.3.4. The Message List9.3.5. The Sidebar9.3.6. The Switcher9.3.7. The Preview Pane9.4. Using Evolution9.4.1. Sending Messages9.4.2. Changing the Configuration9.4.2.1. Mail Accounts9.4.2.2. Autocompletion9.4.2.3. Mail Preferences9.4.2.4. Composer Preferences9.4.2.5. Calendar and Tasks9.4.2.6. Certificates9.5. Mail Filtering9.5.1. Filtering Messages9.5.2. Filtering Spam9.6. Backing Up Evolution9.7. Using the Address Book9.8. Accessing the Calendar and Tasks9.8.1. Calendar9.8.2. Tasks9.9. Summary
10.1. Eye of GNOME Image Viewer10.1.1. Using the Image Viewer10.1.1.1. The Menu Bar10.1.1.2. The Toolbar10.1.1.3. The Window10.1.1.4. The Status Bar10.1.2. Supported File Types10.2. The GIMP Image Editor10.2.1. Starting GIMP10.2.2. GIMP Basic Tools10.2.3. Using GIMP10.2.3.1. Taking a Screenshot10.2.3.2. Editing the Image File10.2.3.3. Using GIMP Scripts10.3. F-Spot Photo Manager10.3.1. The F-Spot Layout10.3.1.1. The Menu Bar10.3.1.2. The Toolbar10.3.1.3. The Sidebar10.3.1.4. The Viewing Area10.3.1.5. The Status Bar10.3.2. Using the F-Spot Editor10.4. Summary
11.1. Audio File Basics11.2. Controlling Sound in Ubuntu11.2.1. Sound Preferences11.2.1.1. The Devices Tab11.2.1.2. The Sounds Tab11.2.2. The Sound Applet11.3. Rhythmbox11.3.1. Playing Audio CDs11.3.2. Playing Audio Files11.3.3. Listening to Internet Audio11.3.4. Ripping Audio CDs11.4. Brasero11.5. Sound Recorder11.6. Playing Audio Files from Nautilus11.7. Summary
12.1. Video Formats12.2. The Totem Movie Player12.2.1. The Totem Interface12.2.1.1. The Menu Bar12.2.1.2. The Sidebar12.2.1.3. The Toolbar12.2.2. The Totem Preferences Settings12.3. Watching Web Clips12.3.1. Checking Your Plug-ins12.3.2. Adding Plug-ins12.3.3. More Video Support12.4. Editing Videos12.4.1. Installing Kino12.4.2. The Kino Interface12.4.3. The Kino Preferences Settings12.5. Summary
13.1. Software Management in Ubuntu13.1.1. Software Packages13.1.2. Software Repositories13.1.3. Configuring Software Repositories13.2. Installing Updates13.2.1. The Update Manager13.2.2. Using the Update Manager Applet13.3. Installing New Applications13.3.1. The Add/Remove Applications Window13.3.2. Adding a New Application13.3.3. Removing an Application13.4. Installing New Packages13.4.1. The Synaptic Layout13.4.1.1. The Menu Bar13.4.1.2. The Toolbar13.4.1.3. The Category List13.4.1.4. The Package List13.4.2. Installing Packages13.4.3. Removing Packages13.5. Command-Line Package Management13.5.1. Setting Repositories13.5.2. Apt-get Commands13.6. Summary
14.1. Networking Basics14.1.1. Internet Connection Types14.1.1.1. Dial-up Modem14.1.1.2. DSL Modem14.1.1.3. Cable Modem14.1.1.4. Wireless Modem14.1.2. Ethernet Connections14.1.2.1. Wired Ethernet Cards14.1.2.2. Wireless Ethernet Cards14.2. Connecting to the Network14.2.1. GNOME PPP14.2.2. Network Manager14.2.2.1. Wired Network Cards14.2.2.2. Wireless Cards14.2.2.3. Wireless Broadband14.2.2.4. VPN14.2.2.5. DSL14.3. Network Tools14.3.1. Devices14.3.2. Ping14.3.3. Netstat14.3.4. Traceroute14.3.5. Port Scan14.3.6. Lookup14.3.7. Finger14.3.8. Whois14.4. Firewalls14.4.1. Installing Firestarter14.4.2. Starting Firestarter14.4.3. Using Firestarter14.4.3.1. Tabbed Windows14.4.3.2. The Toolbar14.5. Summary
15.1. Printers15.1.1. The Printer Configuration Tool15.1.2. Printer Server Settings15.1.3. Adding a New Printer15.1.4. Modifying Printer Properties15.1.4.1. Settings15.1.4.2. Policies15.1.4.3. Access Control15.1.4.4. Printer Options15.1.4.5. Job Options15.2. Scanners15.2.1. Detecting the Scanner15.2.2. Scanning a Document15.2.3. The Work Area15.2.3.1. The Main Window15.2.3.2. The Histogram Window15.2.3.3. The Preview Window15.2.3.4. The Viewer15.3. Digital Cameras15.4. Portable Music Players15.5. Summary
16.1. The X Windows System16.1.1. What Is X Windows?16.1.2. Linux X Windows Software16.1.2.1. XFree8616.1.2.2. X.Org16.1.3. The X.Org Configuration16.1.3.1. Defining Sections16.1.3.2. Example Configuration16.2. Ubuntu Video Configuration16.2.1. The Screen Resolution Utility16.2.2. Setting Compiz Fusion Features16.2.2.1. Basic Visual Effects16.2.2.2. Advanced Visual Effects16.2.3. Monitor and Video Cards16.3. Using 3-D Cards16.3.1. Ubuntu 3-D Support16.3.2. Viewing Restricted Hardware Drivers16.4. Summary
17.1. The User Administration Tool17.1.1. Adding Users17.1.2. Modifying Users17.1.3. Deleting Users17.2. Ubuntu Groups17.2.1. Adding Groups17.2.2. Modifying Groups17.2.3. Deleting Groups17.3. User and Group Files17.3.1. The Users File17.3.1.1. The /etc/passwd File17.3.1.2. The /etc/shadow File17.3.2. The Groups File17.3.3. Using the Command Line17.3.3.1. The User Commands17.3.3.2. The Group Commands17.4. Understanding File Permissions17.4.1. File Properties17.4.2. Changing File Permissions17.5. Summary
18.1. Monitoring the System18.1.1. System18.1.2. Processes18.1.3. Resources18.1.4. File Systems18.2. Log Files18.2.1. Ubuntu Log Files18.2.2. The System Log Viewer18.3. Starting Services18.3.1. Starting and Stopping Services18.3.2. Service Properties18.4. Sessions18.4.1. Startup Programs18.4.2. Options18.5. Disk Usage Analyzer18.6. Summary
19.1. The GNOME Terminal Program19.1.1. Session Tabs19.1.2. The Menu Bar19.1.2.1. File19.1.2.2. Edit19.1.2.3. View19.1.2.4. Terminal19.1.2.5. Tabs19.1.2.6. Help19.1.3. The Command-Line Parameters19.2. Command-Line Basics19.2.1. Setting the command prompt19.2.2. The bash Manual19.2.3. Traversing Directories19.2.3.1. Absolute Filepaths19.2.3.2. Relative Filepaths19.2.4. File and Directory Listing19.2.4.1. Basic Listing19.2.4.2. Modifying the Information Presented19.2.4.3. The Complete Parameter List19.2.4.4. Filtering the List Output19.2.5. File Handling19.2.5.1. Creating Files19.2.5.2. Copying Files19.2.5.3. Linking Files19.2.5.4. Renaming Files19.2.5.5. Deleting Files19.2.6. Directory Handling19.2.6.1. Creating Directories19.2.6.2. Deleting Directories19.3. Summary
20.1. History of Computer Names20.2. Domain Names20.2.1. DNS Structure20.2.2. Finding Domains20.2.3. DNS Database Records20.2.3.1. The SOA Record20.2.3.2. The A Record20.2.3.3. The CNAME Record20.2.3.4. The NS Record20.2.3.5. The HINFO Record20.2.3.6. The PTR Record20.2.3.7. The MX Record20.2.3.8. Sample DNS Configuration20.2.4. DNS Protocol20.3. Ubuntu as a DNS Client20.3.1. Configuring DNS Client Files20.3.1.1. The /etc/resolv.conf File20.3.1.2. The /etc/hosts File20.3.1.3. The /etc/host.conf File20.3.2. Ubuntu Client DNS Programs20.3.2.1. The Host Program20.3.2.2. The nslookup Program20.3.2.3. The dig Program20.4. Ubuntu as a DNS Server20.4.1. The named Files20.4.2. Using named as a Local Cache Server20.4.3. Using named as a Master DNS Server20.5. Summary
21.1. Ubuntu Web Servers21.1.1. Web Scripting Languages21.1.1.1. PHP21.1.1.2. JavaServer Pages21.1.1.3. Java Servlets21.1.2. The LAMP Platform21.1.3. The Tomcat Platform21.2. The Apache Web Server21.2.1. Apache Configuration Files21.2.2. Apache Modules21.2.3. Creating Virtual Hosts21.2.4. Testing the Apache Server21.3. The MySQL Software21.3.1. Accessing the Server21.3.2. Changing the Root Password21.3.3. The phpMyAdmin Tool21.4. The PHP Software21.4.1. The PHP Configuration Files21.4.2. PHP Extensions21.4.3. Using PHP21.5. Tomcat21.5.1. Tomcat Configuration21.5.2. Testing Tomcat21.5.3. Managing Tomcat21.6. Summary
22.1. What Is Samba?22.2. The Ubuntu Samba Environment22.2.1. Samba Programs22.2.2. Samba Configuration Files22.2.2.1. The Global Section22.2.2.1.1. Browsing22.2.2.1.2. Networking22.2.2.1.3. Debugging/Accounting22.2.2.1.4. Authentication22.2.2.1.5. Domains22.2.2.1.6. Printers22.2.2.2. The Share Definitions Section22.2.2.3. Creating New Shares22.3. Creating a Samba Server22.3.1. Editing the smb.conf File22.3.2. Defining Samba Passwords22.3.3. Managing Samba22.4. The Samba Client22.4.1. The smbclient Program22.4.2. Interacting with a Windows Share22.5. Connecting from Windows22.6. The CUPS Print Server22.6.1. Printing in Linux22.6.1.1. Direct Printing22.6.1.2. Filtered Printing22.6.1.3. GhostScript22.6.1.4. The Scheduler22.6.2. The CUPS Software22.6.3. CUPS Configuration22.6.4. Managing CUPS Printers22.7. Summary
23.1. How Email Works23.1.1. Mail Transfer Agent23.1.1.1. sendmail23.1.1.2. qmail23.1.1.3. Postfix23.1.2. Mail Delivery Agent23.1.2.1. mailx23.1.2.2. mail.local23.1.2.3. procmail23.1.3. Mail User Agent23.1.3.1. mailx23.1.3.2. Dovecot23.1.3.3. fetchmail23.2. Postfix Setup23.2.1. Postfix Core Programs23.2.2. Postfix Message Queues23.2.3. Postfix Utility Programs23.2.4. Postfix Configuration Files23.2.5. Postfix Lookup Tables23.3. Installing Postfix23.3.1. Internet Site23.3.2. Internet with SmartHost23.3.3. Satellite System23.3.4. Local Only23.4. Configuring Postfix23.4.1. Wizard Windows23.4.1.1. System Mail Name23.4.1.2. Relay Host23.4.1.3. System Mail Redirection23.4.1.4. Final Destination Domains23.4.1.5. Synchronous Updates23.4.1.6. Networks Allowed to Relay23.4.1.7. procmail23.4.1.8. Mailbox Size Limit23.4.1.9. Local Address Extension23.4.1.10. IPv4 and IPv623.4.2. Modifying Configuration Settings23.5. procmail23.5.1. The .procmailrc File23.5.2. Using procmail23.6. Summary
24.1. The MySQL Server24.1.1. The MySQL Server Files24.1.1.1. Managing the Server24.1.1.2. Configuring the Server24.1.1.3. Interacting with the Server24.1.2. The mysql Command24.1.3. Using mysql24.2. The PostgreSQL Server24.2.1. The PostgreSQL Files24.2.1.1. Managing the Server24.2.1.2. Configuring the Server24.2.1.3. Interacting with the Server24.2.2. The psql Command24.2.3. Using psql24.3. Working with Databases24.3.1. Creating a Database24.3.2. Managing Users24.3.2.1. Creating User Accounts in MySQL24.3.2.2. Creating Users in PostgreSQL24.3.3. Building Tables24.3.4. Adding and Viewing Data24.4. Summary
25.1. Using Multiple Commands25.2. Creating a Script File25.3. Displaying Output25.4. Using Variables25.4.1. Environment Variables25.4.2. User Variables25.5. The Backtick25.6. Redirecting Input and Output25.6.1. Output Redirection25.6.2. Input Redirection25.7. Pipes25.8. Performing Math25.8.1. The expr Command25.8.2. Using Brackets25.8.3. A Floating-Point Solution25.8.3.1. The Basics of bc25.8.3.2. Using bc In Scripts25.9. Exiting the Script25.9.1. Checking the Exit Status25.9.2. The exit Command25.10. Structured Commands25.10.1. The if-then-else Statement25.10.2. The test Command25.10.2.1. Numeric Comparisons25.10.2.2. String Comparisons25.10.2.3. File Comparisons25.11. Summary
26.1. What Is Perl?26.2. Working with Perl26.2.1. Command-Line Interpreter26.2.2. Creating a Perl Program26.3. Perl Programming26.3.1. Using Variables in Perl26.3.1.1. Scalar Variables26.3.1.2. Array Variables26.3.1.3. Hash Variables26.3.2. Structured Commands26.3.2.1. If-then-else Statements26.3.2.2. While Loops26.3.2.3. For Loops26.3.3. Perl Operators26.3.3.1. Comparison Operators26.3.3.2. Logical Operators26.3.3.3. Arithmetic Operators26.3.4. Regular Expressions26.3.5. Perl Command-Line Arguments26.4. Perl Modules and CPAN26.5. What Is Python?26.6. Working with Python26.7. Programming in Python26.7.1. Python Variables and Data Structures26.7.1.1. Scalar Variables26.7.1.2. List Variables26.7.2. Tuples Variables26.7.2.1. Dictionary Variables26.7.3. Indentation in Structured Commands26.7.4. Object-Oriented Programming26.7.5. Python Command-Line Arguments26.8. Python Modules26.9. Summary
27.1. C Programming in Ubuntu27.1.1. The GNU Compiler27.1.2. The GNU Assembler27.1.3. The GNU Linker27.1.4. The GNU Debugger Program27.1.5. The GNU objdump Program27.1.5.1. Using objdump27.1.5.2. An objdump Example27.1.6. The GNU Profiler Program27.1.6.1. Using the Profiler27.1.6.2. A Profile Example27.2. Writing C Programs27.2.1. C Program Format27.2.1.1. Header Section27.2.1.2. Declaration Section27.2.1.3. Code Section27.2.2. Sample Program27.3. Summary
28.1. The Java Development Environment28.1.1. Java Programs28.1.2. Platforms28.2. Ubuntu Java Environments28.3. Using OpenJDK28.3.1. Installing OpenJDK28.3.2. OpenJDK Components28.4. Java Development Environments28.4.1. Command-Line Tools28.4.1.1. The javac Program28.4.1.2. Using the java Program28.4.1.3. The jdb Program28.4.1.4. The jar Program28.4.2. NetBeans28.4.3. Eclipse28.5. Summary
29.1. What Is Ruby?29.1.1. Ruby on the Web29.1.2. Ruby on Rails29.2. Installing Ruby29.2.1. Ruby Components29.2.2. Installing Ruby in Ubuntu29.3. Working with Ruby Code29.3.1. Interactive Ruby29.3.2. Scripting with Ruby29.3.3. Embedded Ruby29.4. The Ruby Language29.4.1. Variables29.4.1.1. Scalar Variables29.4.1.2. Array Variables29.4.1.3. Hash Variables29.4.2. Structured Commands29.4.2.1. The if-then Statements29.4.2.1.1. Comparing Data Types29.4.2.1.2. The if-then-else Statement29.4.2.1.3. The elsif Keyword29.4.2.2. The Loop Statements29.4.2.2.1. Times Loops29.4.2.2.2. While Loops29.5. Object-Oriented Programming29.5.1. Creating Classes29.5.2. Using Objects29.5.3. Adding Methods29.6. Ruby on Rails29.6.1. Creating a Project29.6.2. Testing the Project29.7. Summary
30.1. What Is PHP?30.2. PHP in Ubuntu30.2.1. Core Installation30.2.1.1. Using tasksel30.2.1.2. Installing Individual Packages30.2.2. PHP Extensions30.3. Working with PHP30.3.1. Defining PHP Code30.3.2. PHP Output30.4. The PHP Language30.4.1. PHP Variables30.4.1.1. Scalar Variables30.4.1.2. Array Variables30.4.1.3. Associative Array Variables30.4.2. Iterating Through Arrays30.4.3. Structured Commands30.4.3.1. if-then Statements30.4.3.2. while Loops30.4.4. Including External Files30.4.4.1. The include() Statement30.4.4.2. Referencing include() Files30.4.4.3. The require() Statement30.4.5. Working with MySQL30.5. Object-Oriented PHP30.5.1. Creating a Class in PHP30.5.2. Creating Objects30.5.3. Writing OOP Code in PHP30.5.4. Expanding on OOP30.5.5. Class Constructors30.6. PECL and PEAR30.7. Summary

Overview

The everyday Linux user can easily get overwhelmed by the complexity of the new software that exists when creating an Ubuntu system. This book covers the basics of creating a new system from scratch and explains what software is installed. You’ll take a tour of installing the Ubuntu Linux distribution system in most environments, including nontraditional situations such as dual-boot and text-based installations. Plus, clear explanations of each of the installed applications show you how to get the most out of each application, rather than simply using them as they exist.