book

Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, 3rd Edition

by Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher

November 2018

Intermediate to advanced

326 pages

12h 34m

English

CRC Press

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1.1 History1.1.1 Dutch Windmills1.1.2 Farm Windmills1.1.3 Wind Chargers1.1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities1.2 Wind Farms1.3 Small Systems1.4 Distributed WindLinksReferences

2.1 General2.1.1 Renewable Energy2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy2.1.3 Economics2.2 Definitions of Energy and Power2.3 Fundamentals Concerning Energy2.4 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics2.4.1 Conservation2.4.2 Efficiency2.5 Exponential Growth2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels2.6.1 Petroleum2.6.2 Natural Gas2.6.3 Coal2.7 Nuclear2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth2.8.1 Doubling Time2.8.2 Resource Consumption2.9 Lifetime of a Finite Resource2.10 Climate Change2.10.1 Climate Change-A2.10.2 Greenhouse Effect2.10.3 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide2.10.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change2.10.5 Policy2.10.6 Information and Comments2.10.7 Geoengineering2.11 SummaryGeneralQuestions/ActivitiesProblemsLinksReferences
3.1 Global Circulation3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power3.3 Wind Power3.4 Wind Shear3.5 Wind Direction3.6 Wind Power Potential3.7 Turbulence3.8 Wind Speed Histograms3.9 Duration Curve3.10 Variations in Wind Power Potential3.11 Wind Speed Distributions3.12 General CommentsQuestions/ActivitiesProblemsLinksReferences
4.1 United States4.2 European Union4.3 Other Countries 4.4 Ocean Winds4.4.1 United States4.4.2 World4.5 Instrumentation4.5.1 Cup and Propeller Anemometers4.5.2 Wind Direction4.5.3 Instrument Characteristics4.5.4 Measurement4.5.5 Vegetation Indicators4.6 Data Loggers4.7 Wind Measurement for Small Wind TurbinesProblemsReferences
5.1 Drag Devices5.2 Lift Devices5.3 Orientation of Rotor Axis5.4 System Description5.5 Aerodynamics5.6 Control5.6.1 Normal Operation5.6.2 Faults5.7 Energy Production5.7.1 Generator Size5.7.2 Rotor Area and Wind Map5.7.3 Manufacturer’s Curve5.8 Calculated Annual Energy5.9 Innovative Wind Power Systems5.10 Applications5.10.1 Electrical Energy5.10.2 Mechanical Energy5.10.3 Thermal Energy5.10.4 Wind Hybrid Systems5.11 SummaryProblemsLinksReferences
6.1 Introduction6.2 Aerodynamics6.3 Mathematical Terms6.4 Drag Device6.5 Lift Device6.5.1 Maximum Theoretical Power6.5.2 Rotation6.6 Aerodynamic Performance Prediction6.7 Measured Power and Power Coefficient6.8 Construction6.8.1 Blades6.8.2 Other Components of System6.9 Evolution6.10 Small Wind TurbinesProblemsReferences
7.1 Fundamentals7.1.1 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction7.1.2 Phase Angle and Power Factor7.2 Generators7.2.1 Induction Generator, Constant rpm Operation7.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Variable rpm Operation7.2.3 Direct-Drive Generator, Variable rpm Operation7.2.4 Permanent Magnet Alternator, Variable rpm Operation7.2.5 Generator Comparisons7.2.6 Generator Examples7.3 Power Quality7.4 Electronics7.4.1 Controllers7.4.2 Power Electronics7.4.3 Inverters7.5 Lightning7.6 Resistance Dump LoadProblemsLinksReferences
8.1 Measures of Performance8.2 Historical Wind Statistics8.3 Wind Farm Performance8.3.1 California Wind Farms8.3.2 Wind Farms in Other States8.3.3 Other Countries8.4 Wake Effects8.5 Enertech 448.6 Bergey Excel8.7 Water Pumping8.7.1 Farm Windmills8.7.2 Electric-to-Electric Systems8.8 Wind-Diesel and Hybrid Systems8.9 Blade Performance8.9.1 Surface Roughness8.9.2 Boundary Layer Control8.9.3 Vortex Generators8.9.4 Flow Visualization8.10 CommentsProblemsReferences
9.1 Small Wind Turbines9.1.1 Noise9.1.2 Visual Impact9.2 Wind Farms9.2.1 Long-Term Reference Stations9.2.2 Siting for Wind Farms9.3 Digital Maps9.4 Geographic Information Systems9.5 Wind Resource Screening9.5.1 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Pacific Northwest Laboratory)9.5.2 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Alternative Energy Institute)9.5.3 Wind Power for the United States9.6 Numerical Models9.7 Micrositing9.8 Ocean Winds9.9 SummaryProblemsLinksReferences
10.1 Utility Scale10.2 Small Wind Turbines10.3 Distributed Systems10.4 Community Wind10.4.1 United States10.4.1.1 Minnesota10.4.1.2 Schools, Colleges, and Universities10.4.1.3 Electric Cooperatives10.4.1.4 Municipal and City Operations10.4.2 Other Countries10.5 Wind-Diesel Generation10.6 Village Power10.6.1 China10.6.2 Case Study: Wind Village Power System10.7 Water Pumping10.7.1 Design of Wind Pumping System10.7.2 Large Systems10.8 Wind Industry10.8.1 1980-199010.8.2 1990-200010.8.3 2000-201010.8.4 2010-Onward10.9 Storage10.9.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage10.9.2 Flywheels10.9.3 Batteries10.9.3.1 Lead Acid10.9.3.2 Lithium (Li) Ion10.9.3.3 Sodium-Sulfur10.9.3.4 Flow Batteries10.9.4 Other Types of Batteries10.9.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells10.10 Decommissioning and Repowering10.10.1 United States10.11 CommentsProblemsLinksReferences
11.1 Avoided Costs11.2 Utility Concerns11.2.1 Safety11.2.2 Power Quality11.2.3 Connection to Utility11.2.4 AncillaryCosts11.3 Regulations11.4 Environment11.5 Politics11.6 Incentives11.6.1 United States11.6.1.1 State Incentives11.6.1.2 Green Power11.6.1.3 Net Metering11.6.2 Other Countries11.7 Externalities11.8 TransmissionProblemsReferences
12.1 Factors Affecting Economics12.2 General Comments12.3 Economic Analysis12.3.1 Simple Payback12.3.2 Cost of Energy12.3.3 Value of Energy12.4 Life Cycle Costs12.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs12.6 Externalities12.7 Wind Project Development12.7.1 Costs12.7.2 Benefits12.7.3 Sales of Electricity12.8 Hybrid Systems12.9 Summary12.10 Future DevelopmentsProblemsLinksReferences

Overview

This new edition explores the wind industry from its inception; presents the design, aerodynamics, operation, control, applications, and different types of wind turbines. This new edition is fully updated throughout, and adds new material on wind forecasting, offshore wind, decommissioning and repowering wind farms, and more.