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Financial Valuation: Applications and Models, + Website, 3rd Edition

Name: Financial Valuation: Applications and Models, + Website, 3rd Edition
Author: James R. Hitchner
ISBN: 9780470506875

by James R. Hitchner

April 2011

Intermediate to advanced

1320 pages

41h 40m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Wiley Finance Series
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editor
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction to Financial Valuation
WHO VALUES BUSINESSES?PURPOSE OF A VALUATIONPROFESSIONAL VALUATION ORGANIZATIONSSTANDARDS OF VALUEFAIR MARKET VALUEINVESTMENT VALUEINTRINSIC VALUEFAIR VALUE (STATE RIGHTS)FAIR VALUE (FINANCIAL REPORTING)PREMISE OF VALUEPRINCIPLES OF APPRAISAL PRACTICEDATESAPPROACHES TO VALUEVALUATION PROCEDURESSUMMARYADDENDUM 1—VALUATION CHECKLIST/READY REFERENCE (REVENUE RULING 59–60)ADDENDUM 2—INTERNATIONAL GLOSSARY OF BUSINESS VALUATION TERMS
Chapter 2: Standards of Value
INTRODUCTIONHOW STANDARD OF VALUE CAN AFFECT THE FINAL “NUMBER”PREMISES OF VALUECOMMON STANDARDS OF VALUECOMMON OPERATIONAL PREMISES UNDERLYING THE STANDARD OF VALUEAPPLICATION OF SPECIFIC STANDARDS OF VALUEFAIR VALUE IN SHAREHOLDER DISSENT AND OPPRESSIONCONTROL PREMIUMSIMMEDIATELY BEFOREUNLESS EXCLUSION WOULD BE INEQUITABLEEXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCESCURRENT AND CUSTOMARY TECHNIQUESSTANDARD OF VALUE IN DIVORCEFAIR VALUE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGMEASUREMENTCONCLUSION

Chapter 3: Research and Its Presentation
OBTAINING INTERNAL INFORMATIONA DIRECTIVE FROM THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICERESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND PLANNING THE SEARCHINFORMATION SOURCES: BUSINESS FINANCIAL DATABASESECONOMIC RESEARCHSELECTED SOURCES OF ECONOMIC INFORMATIONINDUSTRY RESEARCHSELECTED SOURCES OF INDUSTRY INFORMATIONGUIDELINE COMPANY AND TRANSACTION RESEARCHSOURCES FOR PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANY DATAGuideline Transaction DatabasesPRESENTING RESEARCH IN A REPORTother sources of informationSUMMARYADDENDUM 1—VALUATION INFORMATION REQUEST (VIR) GENERALADDENDUM 2—MANAGEMENT INTERVIEW–OPERATIONSADDENDUM 3—MANAGEMENT INTERVIEW–FINANCIAL REVIEWADDENDUM 4—INDUSTRY RESEARCH FORM
Chapter 4: Financial Statement and Company Risk Analysis
HISTORICAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISLENGTH OF FINANCIAL HISTORY TO BE USEDSPREADING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN COLUMNAR FORMATADJUSTMENTS TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNORMALIZATION OF HISTORICAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTSUNUSUAL, NONRECURRING, AND EXTRAORDINARY ITEMSNONOPERATING ITEMSCHANGES IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLENONCONFORMANCE WITH GAAPTAX AFFECTING THE EARNINGS OF SUBCHAPTERS CORPORATIONS and other adjustmentsDEGREE OF OWNERSHIP INTERESTNORMALIZATION ADJUSTMENTSCOMMON SIZING NORMALIZED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSRATIO ANALYSIS (QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS)COMPARATIVE ANALYSISRISK ANALYSIS (QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)Macroenvironmental AnalysisADDENDUM 1—COMMONLY USED FINANCIAL RATIOS: APPLICATION TO ALE’S DISTRIBUTING
Chapter 5: Income Approach
FUNDAMENTAL THEORYBASICS OF INCOME APPROACH—“A FRACTION”INCOME APPROACH METHODOLOGIESNORMALIZATION PROCESSADJUSTMENTS FOR OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICSADJUSTMENTS FOR GAAP DEPARTURES AND EXTRAORDINARY, NONRECURRING, AND/OR UNUSUAL ITEMSADJUSTMENTS FOR NONOPERATING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES AND RELATED INCOME AND EXPENSESADJUSTMENTS FOR TAXESADJUSTMENTS FOR SYNERGIES FROM MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONSDETERMINATION OF FUTURE BENEFIT STREAM (CASH FLOWS)DEFINING THE BENEFIT STREAMNET CASH FLOWDEFINING NET CASH FLOWUSE OF HISTORICAL INFORMATIONTHE CAPITALIZED CASH FLOW METHODTHE DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODDCF MODELTERMINAL VALUECAPITALIZED CASH FLOW METHOD (revisited)EXCESS CASH FLOW METHODCONCLUSIONADDENDUM 1—APPLICATION OF THE DIRECT EQUITY METHOD (DEM) AND THE INVESTED CAPITAL METHOD (ICM)ADDENDUM 2—DEALING WITH DEBT
Chapter 6: Cost of Capital/Rates of Return
THREE VARIABLESCHARACTERISTICS OF COST OF CAPITALINVESTOR EXPECTATIONS AS QUANTIFIED BY THE COST OF CAPITALCOST OF CAPITAL EQUALS DISCOUNT RATECOST-OF-CAPITAL METHODSMORE ON THE BASIC CONCEPTSDISCOUNT RATE, CAPITALIZATION RATE, AND ANTICIPATED GROWTHGROWTHRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK AND COST OF CAPITALTYPES OF RISK—ANOTHER VIEWRISKS IN A SMALL BUSINESSMETHODS FOR DEVELOPING COST OF CAPITALSIZE PREMIUMSMETHODS TO ARTICULATE UNSYSTEMATIC RISKOTHER ISSUESCAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL METHODDEVELOPMENT OF THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITALPRICE/EARNINGS METHODADJUSTMENTS TO THE PRICE/EARNINGS RATIOARBITRAGE PRICING THEORYRISK RATE COMPONENT MODEL FKA BUILD-UP SUMMATION MODELCOST-OF-CAPITAL ISSUES RELATED TO USE OF THE EXCESS CASH FLOW METHODADDENDUM 1—COST OF CAPITAL CONTROVERSIES: IT’S TIME TO LOOK BEHIND THE CURTAIN
Chapter 7: Market Approach
TYPE OF VALUE OBTAINEDADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE MARKET APPROACHCHOOSING GUIDELINE COMPANIESBASIC IMPLEMENTATIONSOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDELINE COMPANY DATA AND DMDM DATAINFORMATION SOURCESMORE INFORMATION ON TRANSACTION DATABASESADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE GUIDELINE COMPANY TRANSACTION METHODPUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIESINFORMATION SOURCES FOR INDUSTRY “COMPS”STOCK PRICES AND NUMBERS OF SHARES OUTSTANDINGADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC COMPANY DATACHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIESFINANCIAL AND OTHER INDICATORSSAMPLE SIZE MATTERSCOMPARABLE COMPANIES’ INFORMATION DATESBASIC FINANCIAL INDICATORSDISPLAYING THE INFORMATIONADJUSTMENTS TO THE GUIDELINE AND SUBJECT COMPANIESINCOME ADJUSTMENTSBALANCE SHEET ADJUSTMENTSEFFECTS OF ADJUSTMENTS ON VALUECONCLUDING REMARKS ON CHOOSING COMPARABLESCALCULATING STANDARD PRICING MULTIPLESEQUITY VERSUS INVESTED CAPITALFINANCIAL STATEMENT MEASURESCOMPUTATION OF MULTIPLESMATCHING PRICE TO PARAMETERDISPERSION OF PRICING MULTIPLESAPPLYING THE VALUATION MULTIPLESCONCLUDING THOUGHTS ON VALUEUSING THE PRICING MULTIPLES FOR GROWTHADJUSTING THE GUIDELINE MULTIPLES FOR SIZESUMMARY
Chapter 8: Asset Approach
FUNDAMENTAL THEORYAPPLICABILITYPREMISE OF VALUECONTROL VERSUS MINORITYBUILT-IN GAINSGENERAL STEPS IN THE ASSET APPROACHVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES EXAMPLELIABILITIESUNRECORDED ASSETS AND LIABILITIESBUILT-IN GAINCONCLUSIONADDENDUM 1A—BUILT-IN GAINS TAXES: BUSINESS VALUATION CONSIDERATIONS, PART IADDENDUM 1B—BUILT-IN GAINS TAXES: BUSINESS VALUATION CONSIDERATIONS, PART IIHOLDING COMPANIES ORGANIZED AS S CORPORATIONSADDENDUM 2—UNDERSTANDING REAL ESTATE APPRAISALSDISTRESSED MARKETSGREEN BUILDINGSADDENDUM 3—UNDERSTANDING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT APPRAISALSADDENDUM 4—REVENUE PROCEDURE 77-12
Chapter 9: Valuation Discounts and Premiums
LEVELS OF VALUECLASSIFYING DISCOUNTSDISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF CONTROL AND CONTROL PREMIUMSDISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITYEMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF MARKETABILITY DISCOUNTSDETAILED STUDIESQUANTITATIVE TOOLSOTHER DISCOUNTSANALYSIS OF PREMIUMS ACCORDED VOTING VERSUS NON-VOTING STOCKDISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS SUMMARY
Chapter 10: Report Writing
USPAP ENGAGEMENTSTYPES OF VALUATION ENGAGEMENTS AND RELATED REPORTSCOMPLETE VALUATION REPORTOTHER BUSINESS VALUATION REPORTSSAMPLE REPORTADDENDUM—SAMPLE VALUATION REPORT, VALUATION OF THE COMMON STOCK OF ACME MEASUREMENT DEVICES, INC., AS OF MAY 31, 2008Table of Contents
Chapter 11: Business Valuation Standards
HISTORY OF VALUATION STANDARDSGOVERNMENT ACTIONORGANIZATION OF THE USPAP STANDARDSUSPAP BUSINESS VALUATION STANDARDS (2010/2011)OTHER BUSINESS VALUATION STANDARDS AND CREDENTIALSSUMMARYADDENDUM 1—STANDARDS: A SUMMARY OF THE AICPA’S NEW BV STANDARDSADDENDUM 2—IRS BV GUIDELINES CHECKLIST, INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, ENGINEERING PROGRAM, BUSINESS VALUATION GUIDELINES 4.48.4
Chapter 12: Valuation of Pass-Through Entities
INTRODUCTIONSTANDARD OF VALUEHISTORICAL BACKDROPCURRENT STATUS OF DEBATECONTROLLING INTERESTS IN PASS-THROUGH ENTITIESCONTROLLING-INTEREST STUDIESSUMMARY: CONTROLLING INTERESTS IN PASS-THROUGH ENTITIESTAX RATESNONCONTROLLING INTERESTS IN PASS-THROUGH ENTITIESTREHARNE MODELVAN VLEET MODELMERCER MODELTHE QUANTITATIVE MARKETABILITY DISCOUNT MODELGRABOWSKI MODELSUMMARY: NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST IN PASS-THROUGH ENTITY THEORYADDENDUM—A SUMMARY APPROACH TO PTE VALUATION
Chapter 13: Estate, Gift, and Income Tax Valuations
VALUATIONS IN ESTATE AND GIFT TAXESSELECTED INTERNAL REVENUE CODE PROVISIONSSELECTED TREASURY REGULATIONSSELECTED REVENUE RULINGSVALUATIONS FOR INCOME TAXESADDENDUM—VALUATION CHECKLISTS/READY REFERENCE (REVENUE RULINGS 59-60, 77-287, AND 93-12)
Chapter 14: Valuation of Family Limited Partnerships
FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP USESTAX ADVANTAGESHOW FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS ARE FORMEDOTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIPSSTATE LAW, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO THE VALUATION PROCESSIMPROPER FORMATION CAN CREATE PROBLEMS FOR PARTNERSVALUATION OF FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTERESTSNEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CHAPTER 14TIERED DISCOUNTSILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDY
Chapter 15: Summary of Tax Court Cases Issues
TAX CASESWEB ADDENDUM 1—CURRENT TAX COURT CASES OF INTEREST AT www.wiley.com/go/FVAM3E
Chapter 16: Shareholder Disputes
HISTORY OF SHAREHOLDER DISPUTESCAUSES OF ACTIONSTANDARD OF VALUEVALUATION DATEFUTURE APPRECIATION OR DEPRECIATIONENTIRE FAIRNESSVALUATION METHODOLOGYVALUATION ADJUSTMENTSRECENT COURT CASECOURT CASE CAVEATSCONCLUSION
Chapter 17: Employee Stock Ownership Plans
INTRODUCTION TO EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLANSNEED FOR VALUATION SERVICESFEASIBILITY OF AN ESOPHOW ESOPS ARE USEDSECURITY LAWS AND THE ESOPTAX ADVANTAGES OF ESOPsDIFFERENCES IN ENTITY STRUCTUREIMPORTANT DIFFERENCES IN SHARE OWNERSHIP (ESOP VERSUS OTHER)ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION: HOW AND WHY IT WORKSESOPs AND PLAN CONTRIBUTIONSGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ESOP LOANSESOPs THAT INCLUDE DEBTACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND ESOPs WITH DEBTSECTION 415 LIMITSCRITERIA FOR VALUING ESOP SHARESEND-OF-YEAR AND MID-YEAR CONVENTIONSConsiderations in the Calculation of the Terminal ValueADJUSTMENTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITYADJUSTMENTS FOR CONTROL OR LACK OF CONTROL—MINORITY INTERESTVOTING AND OTHER RIGHTS OF THE ESOP SHAREHOLDERSREPURCHASE REQUIREMENT, THE PUT RIGHT—WHAT AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT?PENALTIES FOR AN IMPROPER VALUATIONVALUATION CONCLUSION: WRITING A CONCLUSIONADDITIONAL INFORMATIONINFORMATION SOURCES
Chapter 18: Valuation in the Divorce Setting
STANDARDS OF VALUE IN DIVORCEPREMISE OF VALUE—GOING CONCERNPREMISE OF VALUE—LIQUIDATIONGOODWILL—THE BATTLEGROUND FOR DIVORCE VALUATIONSDEFINING GOODWILLSTATE INTERPRETATIONS ON INCLUDING GOODWILL IN THE MARITAL ESTATEPERSONAL VERSUS ENTITY (enterprise) GOODWILLDIVIDING GOODWILL INTO PERSONAL AND ENTITY COMPONENTSAPPLYING THE FACTORS TO SEPARATE GOODWILLROLE OF NONCOMPETE AGREEMENTS IN DETERMINING PERSONAL VERSUS ENTITY GOODWILLPERSONAL GOODWILL IN COMMERCIAL BUSINESSESVALUATION OF THE S CORPORATION AND OTHER PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES IN DIVORCE VALUATIONSRESTRICTIONS ON DATARANGE VERSUS SPECIFICITYPROFESSIONAL STANDARDS IN A DIVORCE SETTLEMENTROLE OF standardsSTATEMENT ON STANDARDS FOR VALUATION SERVICES NO. 1 (AICPA)OTHER STANDARDSDAUBERT CHALLENGES IN DIVORCEVALUATION METHODOLOGY AND THE APPLICATION OF DISCOUNTS IN DIVORCE VALUATIONSAVOID DOUBLE COUNTINGWHEN AN INTEREST is CONSIDERED CONTROL IN A DIVORCE SETTINGFAMILY AGGREGATIONS IN DIVORCE SETTINGSPARTNERSHIPS, LLCs, LLPs, AND FAMILY ENTITIES IN A DIVORCE SETTINGLIQUIDITY MYTH IN PASS-THROUGH ENTITIESDIVORCE VALUATION AND BANKRUPTCYSUMMARY
Chapter 19: Valuation Issues in Small Businesses
WHAT IS A SMALL BUSINESS?FINANCIAL STATEMENT ADJUSTMENTSQUALITATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING VALUEVALUATION METHODSREASONABLENESS TESTSSUMMARY
Chapter 20: Valuation Issues in Professional Practices
TYPES OF PRACTICESPURPOSE OF VALUATIONPROFESSIONAL GOODWILL AND PRACTICE GOODWILLSELECT CASE LAW FOR MARITAL DISSOLUTIONFACTORS AFFECTING VALUEFINANCIAL STATEMENT ADJUSTMENTSVALUATION METHODSSUMMARYADDENDUM 1—Management Interview Medical Practice (Sample)ADDENDUM 2—Management Interview Law Practice (Sample)ADDENDUM 3—Management Interview Accounting Practice (Sample)
Chapter 21: Valuation of Intangible Assets
INTRODUCTIONWHAT ARE INTANGIBLE ASSETS?WHY INTANGIBLE ASSETS ARE DIFFICULT TO MEASURETHE NATURE OF INTANGIBLE ASSETSIDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETSMEASUREMENT OF INTANGIBLE ASSETSBUSINESS COMBINATIONSTHE ACQUISITION METHODINTANGIBLE ASSET VALUATION ISSUESNATURE OF GOODWILLFINANCIAL REPORTING DISCLOSURES—SELECTED DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTSCASE STUDY: DETERMINING THE VALUE OF GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS IN A BUSINESS COMBINATIONADDENDUM 1—FAIR VALUEADDENDUM 2—Intellectual Property
Chapter 22: Marketing, Managing, and Making Money in a Valuation Services Group
PURPOSE AND OVERVIEWWHAT GOOD ECONOMICS LOOKS LIKEOPERATIONAL KEYS FOR GOOD ECONOMICSKEY ENGAGEMENT PRINCIPLESENGAGEMENT ACCEPTANCE PROCESSFEES, RETAINERS, BILLING, AND COLLECTIONENGAGEMENT CONTROLLITIGATION SERVICES’ ENGAGEMENTSCONCLUSION
Chapter 23: Business Damages
ROLE OF THE LAW AND FINANCIAL EXPERTSLEGAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DAMAGESEXCLUSIONS BASED ON INSUFFICIENT FACTS AND DATA—FAILURE TO PROVIDE INDEPENDENT ANALYSISADMISSIBILITY OF EXPERT OPINIONSMEASURE OF DAMAGES: DIMINUTION OF VALUE OR LOST PROFITSDIFFERENCES BETWEEN DAMAGE COMPUTATIONS AND BUSINESS VALUATIONSCAN BUSINESS DAMAGES EXCEED THE FAIR MARKET VALUE OF THE BUSINESS?CONCLUSION
Chapter 24: Other Valuation Services Areas
A: VALUATIONS FOR PUBLIC COMPANIES AND/OR FINANCIAL ReportingB: VALUATION ISSUES IN BUY-SELL AGREEMENTSC: VALUING DEBTD: VALUATION ISSUES IN PREFERRED STOCKE: RESTRICTED STOCK VALUATIONF: VALUATION OF EARLY-STAGE TECHNOLOGY COMPANIESG: VALUATION ISSUES RELATED TO STOCK OPTIONS AND OTHER SHARE-BASED COMPENSATIONH: REAL OPTION VALUATIONSI: MAXIMIZING SHAREHOLDER VALUEADDENDUM 1—RATES OF RETURN FOR HIGHER-RISK COMPANIES
Chapter 25: Valuation of Healthcare Service Businesses
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND AND TRANSITIONHEALTHCARE INDUSTRY’S UNIQUE ATTRIBUTESOVERVIEW OF CONSIDERATIONS FOR VALUING HEALTHCARE ENTITIESVALUATION PROCESSCONTROL PREMIUMS AND MINORITY DISCOUNTSDISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITYValuation Issues for Specific Healthcare Industry NichesPUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTHCARE SERVICES COMPANIES BY NICHEADDENDUM 1—Rocky Surgery Center, LPADDENDUM 2—Valuation of Paulie Hospital
Chapter 26: Special Industry Valuations
A: CONSTRUCTIONB: RADIOC: CABLE TVD: RestaurantsE: BARS AND NIGHTCLUBS
Chapter 27: Valuation Views and Controversial Issues: An Illustration
THE REPORTINTRODUCTIONNATIONAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOKREGIONAL ECONOMIC DATA (AS OF DECEMBER 8, 20X5)LOCAL ECONOMYINDUSTRY OUTLOOKFINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANYAPPRAISAL OF FAIR MARKET VALUELACK OF MARKETABILITY DISCOUNTCORRELATION OF VALUESTOTAL CONCLUSION OF VALUE ON A MARKETABLE, CONTROL BASIS
Index

Overview

Real world applications and professional consensus by nationally recognized valuation experts

Filled with a wealth of detail, practice tips, and examples, Financial Valuation: Applications and Models, Third Edition brings together thirty nationally recognized names in the valuation industry hailing from a variety of professional specializations-including accounting, business appraisal, and financial analysis-to provide practitioners with an indispensable reference on various valuation issues. Assembled by valuation authority James Hitchner, these contributors analyze, explain, and collaborate on the most effective valuation procedures to share real-world applications in the field of financial valuations.

Written by 30 top experts in business valuations field
Provides the valuation theory, the consensus view on application, and then the tools to apply it
An all-encompassing valuation handbook that presents the application of financial valuation theory for business appraisers and consultants
New chapters on Assessing Risk and Expert Witness Testimony
Expands chapter on Cost of Capital

Comprehensive in coverage and authoritative in treatment, James Hitchner's Financial Valuation, Third Edition provides trusted, complete business valuation information for CPAs, appraisers, analysts, attorneys, and corporate executives.

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