3.1. History3.2. Battery-powered electric vehicles3.2.1. Battery sizing3.2.2. Vehicle specifications3.2.3. Calculating the vehicle weights3.2.4. Application on a small vehicle3.3. Recharging systems for electric vehicles3.3.1. What is battery charging?3.3.2. The various types of chargers3.3.3. Recharging efficiency3.3.4. Recharging in complete safety3.4. Thermal/electric hybrid vehicles3.4.1. Assessment of traditional motorizations3.4.1.1. Recent evolutions and prospects3.4.1.1.1. Gasoline engine3.4.1.1.2. Diesel engine3.4.1.1.3. Downsizing3.4.1.1.4. Auto-ignition combustion engine3.4.1.1.5. Electromagnetic control of the valves3.4.1.1.6. Transmissions3.4.1.1.7. Electrical equipment3.4.1.2. Conditions of use3.4.2. Implementation of hybrid transmissions3.4.2.1. General principle3.4.2.2. Simple classification3.4.2.3. The different configurations3.4.2.4. The thermal-electric configuration3.4.3. Context of research concerning hybrid transmission3.4.3.1. The initial epoch3.4.3.2. Energy management3.4.3.3. Emission control3.4.3.4. Raised awareness of the greenhouse effect3.4.4. Functionalities of hybrid architectures3.4.4.1. Choice of classification3.4.4.2. Light hybrids3.4.4.2.1. Thermal engine startup (stop&go)3.4.4.2.2. Thermal-engine assist3.4.4.2.3. On-board generator3.4.4.2.4. All-electric mode3.4.4.2.5. Energy recovery during braking3.4.4.2.6. Electric continuous transmission3.4.4.2.7. Electric continuous transmission with storage (series hybrid)3.4.4.2.8. Gear-change assist3.4.4.2.9. Damping of the angular oscillations3.4.4.3. Functional hybrids3.4.4.3.1. All-electric mode with autonomy3.4.4.3.2. Distributed motorization3.4.4.3.3. External electric connections3.4.5. Evaluation of hybrid vehicles3.4.5.1. Issues3.4.5.2. Reversible storage of energy not rechargeable on network3.4.5.3. Reversible storage of energy rechargeable on network3.4.5.4. Taking into account the electric mode with autonomy3.4.5.5. Taking into account of braking on roller test bench3.4.5.6. Distributed braking3.4.6. The first vehicles on the market3.4.6.1. Passenger cars3.4.6.1.1. Which hybridizations?3.4.6.1.2. What performance?3.4.6.1.3. What strategies?3.4.6.1.4. The Toyota Prius3.4.6.1.5. The Honda Insight3.4.6.1.6. The Honda Civic3.4.6.1.7. The Toyota Estima3.4.6.1.8. The Ford Escape hybrid3.4.6.1.9. The Toyota Crown3.4.6.2. Public transport3.4.6.2.1. Issues3.4.6.2.2. Diesel-electric implementations3.4.6.2.3. Series-hybrid implementation3.4.6.2.4. Implementation of parallel and parallel-series hybrid3.5. Fuel-cell vehicles3.5.1. History, introduction3.5.2. Choosing the kind of fuel cell3.5.2.1. The principle of a fuel-cell vehicle3.5.2.2. The major car manufacturers’ fuel-cell programs3.5.2.3. Overall assessments3.6. Bibliography3.7. Summary table of fuel-cell (PEM) vehicle prototypes (as of February 2005)