2.1 Learning the basic elements of causal inference through Simpson’s paradox2.1.1 What’s the problem?2.1.2 Develop your intuition: How to approach the problem2.1.3 Solving Simpson’s paradox2.2 Generalizing to other problems2.2.1 Describing the problem with a graph2.2.2 Articulating what we would like to know2.2.3 Finding the way to calculate the causal effect2.2.4 Articulating what we would like to know: The language of interventions2.2.5 Finding the way to calculate the causal effect: The adjustment formula2.2.6 How does the treatment work in each situation? The positivity assumption2.3 Interventions and RCTs2.4 First contact with the structural approach2.4.1 Simulating the kidney stone example2.4.2 Interventions in the structural approach2.5 When to apply the adjustment formula2.5.1 RCT or A/B test2.5.2 Confounders2.5.3 Unobserved confounders2.5.4 Mediators2.5.5 Many confounders2.5.6 Outcome predictive variables2.5.7 Treatment predictive variables2.5.8 Conditional Intervention2.5.9 Combining all the previous situations2.5.10 Summarizing the differences between intervening and applying the adjustment formula2.6 So, what’s the plan?2.7 Lessons learned2.8 Chapter quizSummary