book

RHCSA Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

Name: RHCSA Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
Author: Asghar Ghori
ISBN: 9781835887325

by Asghar Ghori

July 2024

Intermediate to advanced

814 pages

15h 48m

English

Packt Publishing

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Conventions Used in this Book
The RHCSA 9 Exam and Exam Objectives
Taking the Exam
About this Book

Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
01. Local Installation
A Quick Look at Linux DevelopmentLinux History in a NutshellLinux from Red HatLab Environment for PracticeLab Environment for In-Chapter ExercisesLab Environment for End-of-Chapter LabsThe RHEL Installer ProgramInstallation LogsVirtual Console ScreensExercise 1-1: Download and Install VirtualBox Software, and Create a Virtual MachineDownloading and Installing VirtualBoxCreating a Virtual MachineExercise 1-2: Download and Install RHELDownloading RHEL 9 ISO ImageAttaching RHEL 9 ISO Image to the Virtual MachineLaunching the InstallerAdding Support for Keyboards and LanguagesConfiguring Time & DateChoosing an Installation SourceSelecting Software to be InstalledConfiguring Installation DestinationConfiguring Network and HostnameConfiguring User SettingsBeginning InstallationConcluding InstallationChanging Default Boot OrderLogging In and Out at the Graphical ConsoleLogging In for the First TimeLogging OutExercise 1-3: Logging In from WindowsChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 1-1: Build RHEL9-VM2 (server2)
02. Initial Interaction with the System
Linux Graphical EnvironmentDisplay/Login ManagerDesktop EnvironmentLinux Directory Structure and File SystemsTop-Level DirectoriesFile System CategoriesThe Root File System (/), Disk-BasedThe Boot File System (/boot), Disk-BasedThe Home Directory (/home)The Optional Directory (/opt)The UNIX System Resources Directory (/usr)The Variable Directory (/var)The Temporary Directory (/tmp)The Devices File System (/dev), VirtualThe Procfs File System (/proc), VirtualThe Runtime File System (/run), VirtualThe System File System (/sys), VirtualEssential System CommandsStarting a Remote Terminal SessionUnderstanding the Command MechanicsListing Files and DirectoriesPrinting Working DirectoryNavigating DirectoriesViewing Directory HierarchyIdentifying Terminal Device FileInspecting System’s Uptime and Processor LoadClearing the ScreenDetermining Command PathViewing System InformationViewing CPU SpecsGetting HelpAccessing Manual PagesHeadings in the ManualManual SectionsSearching by KeywordExposing Short DescriptionDocumentation in the /usr/share/doc DirectoryRed Hat Enterprise Linux 9 DocumentationChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 2-1: Navigate Linux Directory TreeLab 2-2: Miscellaneous TasksLab 2-3: Identify System and Kernel InformationLab 2-4: Use Help
03. Basic File Management
Common File TypesRegular FilesDirectory FilesBlock and Character Special Device FilesSymbolic LinksCompression and ArchivingUsing gzip and gunzipUsing bzip2 and bunzip2Differences between gzip and bzip2Using tarExercise 3-1: Create Compressed ArchivesFile EditingModes of OperationStarting vimInserting textNavigating within vimRevealing Line NumberingDeleting TextUndoing and RepeatingSearching for TextReplacing TextCopying, Moving, and Pasting TextChanging TextSaving and Quitting vimFile and Directory OperationsCreating Files and DirectoriesDisplaying File ContentsCounting Words, Lines, and Characters in Text FilesCopying Files and DirectoriesMoving and Renaming Files and DirectoriesRemoving Files and DirectoriesFile LinkingHard LinkSoft LinkDifferences between Copying and LinkingExercise 3-2: Create and Manage Hard LinksExercise 3-3: Create and Manage Soft LinksChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 3-1: Archive, List, and Restore FilesLab 3-2: Practice the vim EditorLab 3-3: File and Directory Operations
04. Advanced File Management
File and Directory Access PermissionsDetermining Access PermissionsPermission ClassesPermission TypesPermission ModesModifying Access Permission BitsExercise 4-1: Modify Permission Bits Using Symbolic FormExercise 4-2: Modify Permission Bits Using Octal FormDefault PermissionsCalculating Default PermissionsSpecial File PermissionsThe setuid Bit on Binary Executable FilesExercise 4-3: Test the Effect of setuid Bit on Executable FilesThe setgid Bit on Binary Executable FilesExercise 4-4: Test the Effect of setgid Bit on Executable FilesThe setgid Bit on Shared DirectoriesExercise 4-5: Set up Shared Directory for Group CollaborationThe Sticky Bit on Public and Shared Writable DirectoriesExercise 4-6: Test the Effect of Sticky BitFile SearchingUsing the find CommandUsing find with -exec and -ok FlagsChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 4-1: Manipulate File PermissionsLab 4-2: Configure Group Collaboration and Prevent File DeletionLab 4-3: Find FilesLab 4-4: Find Files Using Different Criteria
05. Basic User Management
User Login Activity and InformationListing Logged-In UsersInspecting History of Successful Login Attempts and System RebootsViewing History of Failed User Login AttemptsReporting Recent User Login AttemptsExamining User and Group InformationLocal User Authentication FilesThe passwd FileThe shadow FileThe group FileThe gshadow FileThe useradd and login.defs Configuration FilesUser Account ManagementThe useradd, usermod, and userdel CommandsExercise 5-1: Create a User Account with Default AttributesExercise 5-2: Create a User Account with Custom ValuesExercise 5-3: Modify and Delete a User AccountNo-Login (Non-Interactive) User AccountExercise 5-4: Create a User Account with No-Login AccessChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 5-1: Check User Login AttemptsLab 5-2: Verify User and Group IdentityLab 5-3: Create UsersLab 5-4: Create User with Non-Interactive Shell
06. Advanced User Management
Password Aging and its ManagementThe chage CommandExercise 6-1: Set and Confirm Password Aging with chageThe passwd CommandExercise 6-2: Set and Confirm Password Aging with passwdThe usermod CommandExercise 6-3: Lock and Unlock a User Account with usermod and passwdLinux Groups and their ManagementThe groupadd, groupmod, and groupdel CommandsExercise 6-4: Create a Group and Add MembersExercise 6-5: Modify and Delete a Group AccountSubstituting Users and Doing as SuperuserSubstituting (or Switching) UsersDoing as Superuser (or Doing as Substitute User)Owning User and Owning GroupExercise 6-6: Modify File Owner and Owning GroupChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 6-1: Create User and Configure Password AgingLab 6-2: Lock and Unlock UserLab 6-3: Modify GroupLab 6-4: Configure sudo AccessLab 6-5: Modify Owning User and Group
07. The Bash Shell
The Bourne-Again ShellShell and Environment VariablesSetting and Unsetting VariablesCommand and Variable SubstitutionsExercise 7-1: Modify Primary Command PromptInput, Output, and Error RedirectionsHistory SubstitutionEditing at the Command LineTab CompletionTilde SubstitutionAlias SubstitutionMetacharacters and Wildcard CharactersPiping Output of One Command as Input to AnotherQuoting MechanismsRegular ExpressionsShell Startup FilesSystem-wide Shell Startup FilesPer-user Shell Startup FilesChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 7-1: Customize the Command PromptLab 7-2: Redirect the Standard Input, Output, and Error
08. Linux Processes and Job Scheduling
Processes and PrioritiesProcess StatesViewing and Monitoring Processes with psViewing and Monitoring Processes with topListing a Specific ProcessListing Processes by User and Group OwnershipUnderstanding Process Niceness and PriorityExercise 8-1: Start Processes at Non-Default PrioritiesExercise 8-2: Alter Process PrioritiesControlling Processes with SignalsJob SchedulingControlling User AccessScheduler Log FileUsing atExercise 8-3: Submit, View, List, and Erase an at JobUsing crontabSyntax of User CrontablesExercise 8-4: Add, List, and Erase a Cron JobChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 8-1: Nice and Renice a ProcessLab 8-2: Configure a User Crontab File
09. Basic Package Management
Package OverviewPackages and PackagingPackage NamingPackage DependencyPackage DatabasePackage Management ToolsPackage Management with rpmThe rpm CommandExercise 9-1: Mount RHEL 9 ISO PersistentlyQuerying PackagesInstalling a PackageUpgrading a PackageFreshening a PackageOverwriting a PackageRemoving a PackageExtracting Files from an Installable PackageValidating Package Integrity and CredibilityViewing GPG KeysVerifying Package AttributesExercise 9-2: Perform Package Management Using rpmChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 9-1: Install and Verify PackagesLab 9-2: Query and Erase Packages
10. Advanced Package Management
Advanced Package Management ConceptsPackage GroupsBaseOS RepositoryAppStream RepositoryBenefits of Segregationdnf RepositorySoftware Management with dnfdnf Configuration FileThe dnf CommandExercise 10-1: Configure Access to Pre-Built RepositoriesIndividual Package ManagementListing Available and Installed PackagesInstalling and Updating PackagesExhibiting Package InformationRemoving PackagesExercise 10-2: Manipulate Individual PackagesDetermining Provider and Searching Package MetadataPackage Group ManagementListing Available and Installed Package GroupsInstalling and Updating Package GroupsRemoving Package GroupsExercise 10-3: Manipulate Package GroupsChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 10-1: Configure Access to RHEL 9 RepositoriesLab 10-2: Install and Manage Individual PackagesLab 10-3: Install and Manage Package Groups
11. Boot Process, GRUB2, and the Linux Kernel
Linux Boot ProcessThe Firmware Phase (BIOS and UEFI)The Bootloader PhaseThe Kernel PhaseThe Initialization PhaseThe GRUB2 BootloaderInteracting with GRUB2Understanding GRUB2 Configuration FilesExercise 11-1: Change Default System Boot TimeoutBooting into Specific TargetsExercise 11-2: Reset the root User PasswordThe Linux KernelKernel PackagesAnalyzing Kernel VersionUnderstanding Kernel Directory StructureInstalling the KernelExercise 11-3: Download and Install a New KernelChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 11-1: Enable Verbose System BootLab 11-2: Reset root User PasswordLab 11-3: Install New Kernel
12. System Initialization, Message Logging, and System Tuning
System Initialization and Service ManagementUnitsTargetsThe systemctl CommandListing and Viewing UnitsManaging Service UnitsManaging Target UnitsSystem LoggingThe Syslog Configuration FileRotating Log FilesThe Boot Log FileThe System Log FileLogging Custom MessagesThe systemd JournalRetrieving and Viewing MessagesPreserving Journal InformationExercise 12-1: Configure Persistent Storage for Journal InformationSystem TuningTuning ProfilesThe tuned-adm CommandExercise 12-2: Manage Tuning ProfilesChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 12-1: Modify Default Boot TargetLab 12-2: Record Custom AlertsLab 12-3: Apply Tuning Profile
13. Storage Management
Storage Management OverviewMaster Boot Record (MBR)GUID Partition Table (GPT)Disk PartitionsStorage Management ToolsThin ProvisioningAdding Storage for PracticeExercise 13-1: Add Required Storage to server2MBR Storage Management with partedExercise 13-2: Create an MBR PartitionExercise 13-3: Delete an MBR PartitionGPT Storage Management with gdiskExercise 13-4: Create a GPT PartitionExercise 13-5: Delete a GPT PartitionLogical Volume Manager (LVM)Physical VolumeVolume GroupPhysical ExtentLogical VolumeLogical ExtentLVM Operations and CommandsExercise 13-6: Create Physical Volume and Volume GroupExercise 13-7: Create Logical VolumesExercise 13-8: Extend a Volume Group and a Logical VolumeExercise 13-9: Rename, Reduce, Extend, and Remove Logical VolumesExercise 13-10: Reduce and Remove a Volume GroupExercise 13-11: Uninitialize Physical VolumesStorage Optimization with Virtual Data Optimizer (VDO)How VDO Conserves StorageVDO Integration with LVMVDO ComponentsExercise 13-12: Create an LVM VDO VolumeExercise 13-13: Remove a Volume Group and Uninitialize Physical VolumeChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 13-1: Create and Remove Partitions with partedLab 13-2: Create and Remove Partitions with gdiskLab 13-3: Create Volume Group and Logical VolumesLab 13-4: Expand Volume Group and Logical VolumeLab 13-5: Add a VDO Logical VolumeLab 13-6: Reduce and Remove Logical VolumesLab 13-7: Remove Volume Group and Physical Volumes
14. Local File Systems and Swap
File Systems and File System TypesExtended File SystemsXFS File SystemVFAT File SystemISO9660 File SystemFile System ManagementFile System Administration CommandsMounting and Unmounting File SystemsDetermining the UUID of a File SystemLabeling a File SystemAutomatically Mounting a File System at RebootsMonitoring File System UsageCalculating Disk UsageExercise 14-1: Create and Mount Ext4, VFAT, and XFS File Systems in PartitionsExercise 14-2: Create and Mount Ext4 and XFS File Systems in LVM Logical VolumesExercise 14-3: Resize Ext4 and XFS File Systems in LVM Logical VolumesExercise 14-4: Create and Mount XFS File System in LVM VDO VolumeSwap and its ManagementDetermining Current Swap UsagePrioritizing Swap SpacesSwap Administration CommandsExercise 14-5: Create and Activate Swap in Partition and Logical VolumeChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 14-1: Create VFAT, Ext4, and XFS File Systems in Partitions and Mount PersistentlyLab 14-2: Create XFS File System in LVM VDO Volume and Mount PersistentlyLab 14-3: Create Ext4 and XFS File Systems in LVM Volumes and Mount PersistentlyLab 14-4: Extend Ext4 and XFS File Systems in LVM VolumesLab 14-5: Create Swap in Partition and LVM Volume and Activate Persistently
15. Networking, Network Devices, and Network Connections
Networking FundamentalsHostnameExercise 15-1: Change System HostnameIPv4 AddressClassful Network AddressingSubnettingSubnet MaskClassless Network AddressingProtocolTCP and UDP ProtocolsWell-Known PortsICMP ProtocolEthernet AddressIPv6 AddressMajor Differences between IPv4 and IPv6Network Devices and ConnectionsConsistent Network Device NamingExercise 15-2: Add Network Devices to server10 and server20The NetworkManager ServiceUnderstanding Interface Connection ProfileNetwork Device and Connection Administration ToolsThe nmcli CommandExercise 15-3: Configure New Network Connection ManuallyExercise 15-4: Configure New Network Connection Using nmcliUnderstanding Hosts TableTesting Network ConnectivityExercise 15-5: Update Hosts Table and Test ConnectivityChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 15-1: Add New Interface and Configure Connection Profile with nmcliLab 15-2: Add New Interface and Configure Connection Profile Manually
16. Network File System
Network File SystemBenefits of Using NFSNFS VersionsNFS Server and Client ConfigurationExercise 16-1: Export Share on NFS ServerExercise 16-2: Mount Share on NFS ClientAuto File System (AutoFS)Benefits of Using AutoFSHow AutoFS WorksAutoFS Configuration FileAutoFS MapsExercise 16-3: Access NFS Share Using Direct MapExercise 16-4: Access NFS Share Using Indirect MapAutomounting User Home DirectoriesExercise 16-5: Automount User Home Directories Using Indirect MapChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 16-1: Configure NFS Share and Automount with Direct MapLab 16-2: Automount NFS Share with Indirect Map
17. Hostname Resolution and Time Synchronization
DNS and Name ResolutionDNS Name Space and DomainsDNS RolesUnderstanding Resolver Configuration FileViewing and Adjusting Name Resolution Sources and OrderPerforming Name Resolution with digPerforming Name Resolution with hostPerforming Name Resolution with nslookupPerforming Name Resolution with getentTime SynchronizationTime SourcesNTP RolesStratum LevelsChrony Configuration FileChrony Daemon and CommandExercise 17-1: Configure NTP ClientDisplaying and Setting System Date and TimeChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 17-1: Configure ChronyLab 17-2: Modify System Date and Time
18. The Secure Shell Service
The OpenSSH ServiceCommon Encryption TechniquesAuthentication MethodsOpenSSH Protocol Version and AlgorithmsOpenSSH PackagesOpenSSH Server Daemon and Client CommandsServer Configuration FileClient Configuration FileSystem Access and File TransferExercise 18-1: Access RHEL System from Another RHEL SystemExercise 18-2: Generate, Distribute, and Use SSH KeysExecuting Commands Remotely Using sshTransferring Files Remotely Using sftpChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 18-1: Establish Key-Based AuthenticationLab 18-2: Test the Effect of PermitRootLogin Directive
19. The Linux Firewall
Firewall OverviewOverview of the firewalld Servicefirewalld ZonesZone Configuration Filesfirewalld ServicesService Configuration FilesFirewalld ManagementThe firewall-cmd CommandQuerying the Operational Status of firewalldExercise 19-1: Add Services and Ports, and Manage ZonesExercise 19-2: Remove Services and Ports, and Manage ZonesExercise 19-3: Test the Effect of Firewall RuleChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 19-1: Add Service to FirewallLab 19-2: Add Port Range to Firewall
20. Security Enhanced Linux
Security Enhanced LinuxTerminologySELinux Contexts for UsersSELinux Contexts for ProcessesSELinux Contexts for FilesCopying, Moving, and Archiving Files with SELinux ContextsSELinux Contexts for PortsDomain TransitioningSELinux BooleansSELinux AdministrationManagement CommandsViewing and Controlling SELinux Operational StateQuerying StatusExercise 20-1: Modify SELinux File ContextExercise 20-2: Add and Apply File ContextExercise 20-3: Add and Delete Network PortsExercise 20-4: Copy Files with and without ContextExercise 20-5: View and Toggle SELinux Boolean ValuesMonitoring and Analyzing SELinux ViolationsChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 20-1: Disable and Enable the SELinux Operating ModeLab 20-2: Modify Context on FilesLab 20-3: Add Network Port to Policy DatabaseLab 20-4: Copy Files with and without ContextLab 20-5: Flip SELinux Booleans
21. Shell Scripting
Shell ScriptsScript01: Displaying System InformationExecuting a ScriptDebugging a ScriptScript02: Using Local VariablesScript03: Using Pre-Defined Environment VariablesScript04: Using Command SubstitutionUnderstanding Shell ParametersScript05: Using Special and Positional ParametersScript06: Shifting Command Line ArgumentsLogical ConstructsExit CodesTest ConditionsThe if-then-fi ConstructScript07: The if-then-fi ConstructThe if-then-else-fi ConstructScript08: The if-then-else-fi ConstructThe if-then-elif-fi ConstructScript09: The if-then-elif-fi Construct (Example 1)Script10: The if-then-elif-fi Construct (Example 2)Looping ConstructsTest ConditionsThe for LoopScript11: Print Alphabets Using for LoopScript12: Create Users Using for LoopChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDo-It-Yourself Challenge LabsLab 21-1: Write Script to Create Logical VolumesLab 21-2: Write Script to Create File SystemsLab 21-3: Write Script to Configure New Network Connection Profile
22. Containers
Introduction to ContainersContainers and the Linux FeaturesBenefits of Using ContainersContainer Home: Bare Metal or Virtual MachineContainer Images and Container RegistriesRootful vs. Rootless ContainersWorking with Images and ContainersExercise 22-1: Install Necessary Container SupportThe podman CommandThe skopeo CommandThe registries.conf FileViewing Podman Configuration and VersionImage ManagementExercise 22-2: Search, Examine, Download, and Remove an ImageContainerfileExercise 22-3: Use Containerfile to Build ImageBasic Container ManagementExercise 22-4: Run, Interact with, and Remove a Named ContainerExercise 22-5: Run a Nameless Container and Auto-Remove it After Entry Point Command ExecutionAdvanced Container ManagementContainers and Port MappingExercise 22-6: Configure Port MappingExercise 22-7: Stop, Restart, and Remove a ContainerContainers and Environment VariablesExercise 22-8: Pass and Set Environment VariablesContainers and Persistent StorageExercise 22-9: Attach Persistent Storage and Access Data Across ContainersContainer State Management with systemdExercise 22-10: Configure a Rootful Container as a systemd ServiceExercise 22-11: Configure Rootless Container as a systemd ServiceChapter SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsDIY Challenge LabsLab 22-1: Launch Named Root Container with Port MappingLab 22-2: Launch Nameless Rootless Container with Two VariablesLab 22-3: Launch Named Rootless Container with Persistent StorageLab 22-4: Launch Named Rootless Container with Port Mapping, Environment Variables, and Persistent StorageLab 22-5: Control Rootless Container States via systemdLab 22-6: Control Rootful Container States via systemdLab 22-7: Build Custom Image Using Containerfile
Appendix A: Sample RHCSA Exam 1
Appendix B: Sample RHCSA Exam 2
Appendix C: Sample RHCSA Exam 3
Appendix D: Sample RHCSA Exam 4
Bibliography
Glossary
Index

Overview

Dive into mastering Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 with this comprehensive guide tailored for aspiring and seasoned IT professionals. Through step-by-step instructions, practical labs, and clear explanations, this book ensures you're prepared for the RHCSA certification and beyond. Gain essential skills in system administration, networking, security, and more.

What this Book will help me do

Understand the fundamentals of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, including installation, configuration, and file management.
Master advanced system administration tasks such as process scheduling, package management, and user management.
Secure systems effectively using SSH, firewalls, and SELinux technologies.
Configure and manage networks, including connections, devices, and hostname resolution.
Gain experience with containers and scripting for automation and operational efficiencies.

Author(s)

Asghar Ghori is a seasoned Linux expert with years of experience in system administration and Red Hat technologies. Asghar has helped countless IT professionals achieve their certification goals through his focused and practical approach to teaching. His deep understanding of Linux coupled with a passion for educating others makes this book an invaluable resource for learners.

Who is it for?

This book is aimed at IT professionals, including system administrators and network engineers, who are looking to deepen their expertise in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. If you're preparing for the RHCSA certification and want a thorough resource, this book has you covered. It's also an excellent choice for developers exploring server-side environments and for DevOps engineers seeking Linux automation skills. Beginners with some prior knowledge of Linux basics will find the content approachable and enriching.

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