A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling, Second Edition, 2nd Edition

Appendix A.4: Exploring Data with PROC MEANS, PROC FREQ, PROC PRINT, and PROC UNIVARIATE

Introduction: Why Perform Simple Descriptive Analyses?

Example: An Abridged Volunteerism Survey

Computing Descriptive Statistics with PROC MEANS

The PROC MEANS Statement

The VAR Statement

Reviewing the Output

Creating Frequency Tables with PROC FREQ

The PROC FREQ and TABLES Statements

Reviewing the Output

Printing Raw Data with PROC PRINT

Testing for Normality with PROC UNIVARIATE

Why Test for Normality?

Departures from Normality

General Form for PROC UNIVARIATE

Results for an Approximately Normal Distribution

Results for a Distribution with an Outlier

Understanding the Stem-Leaf Plot

Results for Distributions Demonstrating Skewness

Conclusion

Reference