Eight- and Nine-Node Elements
Purpose of Lesson To formulate the stiffness matrices and evaluate the modeling characteristics of eight- and nine-node finite elements using strain gradient notation.
Both the eight- and nine-node elements represent the complete set of linear strain terms plus incomplete representations of the quadratic strain terms. In addition, the nine-node element represents two of the cubic strain terms. As a result, the strain representations of these elements are not rotationally invariant. Both elements contain higher order parasitic shear terms that cannot all be removed by using reduced-order Gaussian quadrature integration without introducing another error known as spurious zero-energy modes. The use of strain ...
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