December 2020
Intermediate to advanced
1064 pages
49h 13m
English
17.1 Complex Numbers
INTRODUCTION
You have undoubtedly encountered complex numbers in your earlier courses in mathematics. When you first learned to solve a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by the quadratic formula, you saw that the roots of the equation are not real, that is, complex, whenever the discriminant b2 − 4ac is negative. So, for example, simple equations such as x2 + 5 = 0 and x2 + x + 1 = 0 have no real solutions. For example, the roots of the last equation are
and
. If it is assumed that , then the roots are written and .
A ...
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