8.1 Beyond the Rendering Equation8.1.1 Participating Media8.1.2 Volume Emission8.1.3 Absorption8.1.4 Out-Scattering, Extinction Coefficient, and Albedo8.1.5 In-Scattering, Field-and Volume-Radiance, and the Phase FunctionExamples of Phase Functions8.1.6 The Rendering Equation in the Presence of Participating MediaSpatial Formulation8.1.7 Global Illumination Algorithms for Participating Media8.1.8 Tracing Photon Trajectories in Participating Media8.1.9 Volume Photon Density EstimationViewing Precomputed Illumination in Participating Media8.1.10 Light Transport as a Diffusion Process8.1.11 Subsurface Scattering8.1.12 Polarization, Interference, Diffraction, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence and Nonconstant MediaNonconstant Media: Mirages and Twinkling Stars and SuchFluorescence and Phosphorescence: Reflection at a Different Wavelength and a Different TimeInterference: Soap Bubbles and SuchDiffraction: Compact Discs and Brushed MetalsPolarization8.2 Image Display and Human Perception8.2.1 Tone Mapping8.2.2 Perception-Based Acceleration TechniquesVisual Difference PredictorMaximum Likelihood Difference ScalingPerceptually Based Global Illumination Algorithms8.3 Fast Global Illumination8.3.1 Sparse Sampling: Exploiting CoherenceImage SpaceWorld SpaceLine Space8.3.2 Dynamic Scenes8.3.3 Fast Ray Tracing8.3.4 Graphics Hardware and Precomputed Radiance Transfer8.3.5 Ambient Occlusion8.3.6 Precomputed Radiance TransferDiffuse PRTAll-Frequency PRTSummary of PRTFigure 8.1Figure 8.2Figure 8.3Figure 8.4Figure 8.5Figure 8.6Figure 8.7Figure 8.8Figure 8.9Figure 8.10Figure 8.11Figure 8.12Figure 8.13Figure 8.14Figure 8.15Figure 8.16Figure 8.17Figure 8.18Figure 8.19Figure 8.20