book

Aerosol Science: Technology and Applications

by Mihalis Lazaridis, Ian Colbeck

February 2014

Intermediate to advanced

490 pages

17h 51m

English

Wiley

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Size and Shape1.3 Size Distribution1.4 Chemical Composition1.5 Measurements and SamplingReferences
2.1 Introduction2.2 General Dynamic Equation2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation2.4 Growth by Condensation2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration2.6 Deposition Mechanisms2.7 ResuspensionReferences
3.1 Introduction3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon AnalysisAcknowledgementsReferences
4.1 Introduction4.2 General Strategy4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport4.4 Integral Moment Measurement4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement4.8 ConclusionReferences
5.1 Introduction5.2 Deposition Mechanisms5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency5.4 Filter Randomness5.5 Applications5.6 ConclusionsNomenclatureReferences

6.1 Introduction6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing6.4 Summary and Future RequirementsAcknowledgementsReferences
7.1 General Relevance7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation7.4 Laboratory Experiments7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future ChallengesReferences
8.1 Introduction8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect)8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect)8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates8.8 The Way ForwardReferences
9.1 Background9.2 Size Fractions9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important?9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution?9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure9.10 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferences
10.1 Introduction10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy10.7 Product Performance Testing10.8 Conclusion and OutlookReferences
11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control11.6 ConclusionReferences
12.1 Introduction12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis12.3 Flame Synthesis12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion12.7 Spark Discharge12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures12.9 ConclusionsReferences
13.1 Introduction13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials13.5 ConclusionReferences
14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments14.2 Particulate Contaminants14.3 Gas ContaminantsReferences
15.1 Introduction15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies15.3 Particle Formation15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques15.6 Amelioration TechniquesAcknowledgementsReferences
16.1 Introduction16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere16.3 Transport in the Earth's Boundary Layer16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary HistoryReferences
17.1 Introduction17.2 UV Radiation17.3 Sunlight17.4 Selected Organisms17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies17.8 Testing Considerations17.9 DiscussionReferences
18.1 Introduction18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change18.5 ConclusionReferences

Content preview from Aerosol Science: Technology and Applications

Chapter 2 Aerosol Dynamics

Mihalis Lazaridis¹ and Yannis Drossinos²

¹Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Greece

²European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy

2.1 Introduction

Airborne particulate matter (PM) contains various chemical components and ranges in size from few nanometres to several hundred micrometres (Hinds, 1999). It is apparent that PM is not a single pollutant, and its mass includes a mixture of numerous pollutants distributed differently at different sizes. Particle size is an essential parameter that determines the chemical composition, optical properties, deposition of particles and inhalation in the human respiratory tract (RT) (Hinds, 1999; Friedlander, 2000; Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006; Lazaridis, 2011). Particle size is specified by the particle diameter, $c02-math-0001$ , which is most commonly expressed in micrometres. Particles represent a very small fraction, less than 0.0001%, of the total aerosol mass or volume (Drossinos and Housiadas, 2006). The gas phase mainly influences the particle flow through hydrodynamic forces.

Particles may be classified into a number of categories; based on their size, they can be categorized according to (i) their observed modal distribution, (ii) the 50% cut-off diameter of the measurement instrument or (iii) dosimetric variables that are related to human exposure to atmospheric concentrations. However, ...