B.1. Fundamentals of Bipolar Junction Transistor Action
A bipolar junction transistor is made up of a sandwich of two semiconductor pn junctions. Transistors are either npn or pnp. In the active-mode transistor state, one junction, the input junction, is forward biased, and the opposite junction, the output junction, is reverse biased. The behavior of the individual pn junction diode will first be considered to clarify forward and reverse bias.
A semiconductor pn-junction diode in diagrammatic form is shown in Fig. B.1. The current and voltage of an ideal pn-junction diode are related by
Equation B.1
Figure B.1. Diagrammatic pn-junction ...
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