March 2012
Intermediate to advanced
578 pages
17h 56m
English

The operational amplifier (op amp) had its origins back in the 1940–1960 era of electronics where its principal use was as an active element in analog computer systems. Early op amp circuits used vacuum tubes; op amps were used as summers, subtractors, integrators, filters, etc. in analog computer systems designed to model dynamic, electromechanical feedback systems such as autopilots, bombsights, and motor speed controls. With the rise of digital computers in the 1960s, analog computers were largely replaced for simulations by digital computers using software numerical ...
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