Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems

Chapter 10Electrically Small Antenna Advances for Current 5G and Evolving 6G and Beyond Wireless Systems

Richard W. Ziolkowski

Global Big Data Technologies Centre, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia

10.1 Introduction

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0, is upon us. It represents the integration of humans and technological systems, i.e. cyber‐physical systems. It promises many advances including, for instance, biometric sensors to help us maintain our health; sensor networks to enable smart infrastructure and buildings; smart agriculture to monitor crops and manage operations; autonomous vehicles to enhance our standards of living; wireless power transfer (WPT) to reduce device weight and size, eliminating short‐life batteries and reducing environmental wastes; and marvelous mobile communication platforms and satellite constellations to enhance social interactions, collaborations, and cohesiveness. Electromagnetics, including antennas, propagation and measurement research, has played, is playing and will continue to play a pivotal role in realizing these anytime‐wireless‐everywhere (AWE) inspired dreams.

Antennas are the central technology that empowers all aspects of the Industry 4.0 wireless ecosystems, particularly those associated with the much anticipated Internet of things (IoT) and its ubiquitous devices. Seemingly contradictory desires for radiating and receiving elements with superior ...