10.2. Sonar System Types
10.2.1. Transducer Materials
The heart of projectors and hydrophones in sonar systems today is based on natural crystals (or monocrystals) or ceramic materials. The natural crystal piezoelectric effect first observed by the Curie brothers and the electrostrictive effect of ceramic are used to emit or receive sound waves in water. Several natural crystals, such as quartz, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), lithium sulfate, tourmaline, and Rochelle salt possess piezoelectric qualities, i.e., an electric field applied to the crystal in well-defined directions produces a mechanical deformation. This mechanical deformation is transferred to the water as a sound wave with the same time history as the applied electric field. ...
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