book

Arduino: A Technical Reference

by J. M. Hughes

May 2016

Beginner to intermediate

638 pages

17h 40m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Intended AudienceWhat This Book IsWhat This Book Is NotAbout TerminologyWhat’s in This BookEndorsementsConventions Used in This BookSafari® Books OnlineHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
A Brief HistoryTypes of Arduino DevicesArduino GalleriesArduino-Compatible DevicesHardware-Compatible DevicesSoftware-Compatible DevicesThe Arduino Naming ConventionWhat Can You Do with an Arduino?For More Information
BackgroundInternal ArchitectureInternal MemoryPeripheral FunctionsControl RegistersDigital I/O Ports8-Bit Timer/Counters16-Bit Timer/CountersTimer/Counter PrescalerAnalog ComparatorAnalog-to-Digital ConverterSerial I/OUSARTSPITWIInterruptsWatchdog TimerElectrical CharacteristicsFor More Information
ATmega168/328MemoryFeaturesPackagesPortsPin FunctionsAnalog Comparator InputsAnalog InputsSerial InterfacesTimer/Clock I/OExternal InterruptsArduino Pin AssignmentsBasic Electrical CharacteristicsATmega1280/ATmega2560MemoryFeaturesPackagesPortsPin FunctionsAnalog Comparator InputsAnalog InputsSerial InterfacesTimer/Clock I/OExternal InterruptsArduino Pin AssignmentsElectrical CharacteristicsATmega32U4MemoryFeaturesPackagesPortsPin FunctionsAnalog Comparator InputsAnalog InputsSerial InterfacesTimer/Clock I/OExternal InterruptsUSB 2.0 InterfaceElectrical CharacteristicsArduino Pin AssignmentsFuse BitsFor More Information
Arduino Features and CapabilitiesArduino USB InterfacesArduino Physical DimensionsFull-Size Baseline Arduino PCB TypesMega Form-Factor Arduino PCB TypesSmall Form-Factor Arduino PCB TypesSpecial-Purpose PCB TypesArduino Pinout ConfigurationsThe Baseline Arduino Pin LayoutThe Extended Baseline Pin LayoutThe Mega Pin LayoutNonstandard LayoutsFor More Information
Cross-Compiling for MicrocontrollersBootloadersThe Arduino IDE EnvironmentInstalling the Arduino IDEConfiguring the Arduino IDECross-Compiling with the Arduino IDEThe Arduino Executable ImageThe Arduino Software Build ProcessSketch TabsArduino Software ArchitectureRuntime Support: The main() FunctionAn Example SketchConstantsGlobal VariablesLibrariesUsing Libraries in SketchesAdding a Library to the Arduino IDECreating Custom LibrariesArduino Source Code
IDE AlternativesPlatformIOInoThe AVR ToolchainInstalling the Toolchainmakeavr-gccbinutilsavr-libcBuilding C or C++ Programs from ScratchCompiling with avr-gcc or avr-g++Multiple Source Files and makeAVR Assembly LanguageThe AVR Programming ModelCreating AVR Assembly Language ProgramsAVR Assembly Language ResourcesUploading AVR Executable CodeIn-System ProgrammingProgramming with the BootloaderUploading Without the BootloaderJTAGAVRDUDEUsing an Arduino as an ISPBootloader OperationReplacing the BootloaderSummary
Library ComponentsContributed Libraries
Electrical Characteristics of ShieldsPhysical Characteristics of ShieldsStacking ShieldsCommon Arduino ShieldsInput/OutputI/O Extension ShieldsI/O Expansion ShieldsRelay ShieldsSignal Routing ShieldsMemoryCommunicationSerial I/O and MIDIEthernetBluetoothUSBZigBeeCANPrototypingCreating a Custom Prototype ShieldMotion ControlDC and Stepper Motor ControlPWM and Servo ControlDisplaysInstrumentation ShieldsAdapter ShieldsMiscellaneous ShieldsUncommon Arduino ShieldsSources
ModulesPhysical Form FactorsInterfacesModule SourcesModule DescriptionsGrove ModulesSensor and Module DescriptionsSensorsTemperature, Humidity, and Pressure SensorsTilt SensorsAudio SensorsLight SensorsMagnetic SensorsVibration and Shock SensorsMotion SensorsContact and Position SensorsRange SensorsCommunicationsAPC220 Wireless Modules315/433 MHz RF ModulesESP8266 TransceiverOutput Devices and ComponentsLight SourcesRelays, Motors, and ServosAnalog Signal OutputsUser InputKeypadsJoysticksPotentiometers and Rotary EncodersUser OutputText DisplaysGraphical DisplaysSupport FunctionsClocksTimersConnectionsWorking with Naked Jumper WiresModule Connection SystemsBuilding Custom ConnectorsChoosing a Connection MethodSourcesSummary

Getting StartedCustom ShieldsPhysical ConsiderationsStacking ShieldsElectrical ConsiderationsThe GreenShield Custom ShieldObjectivesDefinition and PlanningDesignPrototypeFinal SoftwareFabricationFinal Acceptance TestingOperationNext StepsCustom Arduino-Compatible DesignsProgramming a Custom DesignThe SwitchinatorDefinition and PlanningDesignPrototypeSoftwareFabricationAcceptance TestingNext StepsResources
Project ObjectivesDefinition and PlanningDesignFunctionalityEnclosureSchematicPrototypeControl Inputs and ModesDisplay OutputDDS ModuleSoftwareSource Code OrganizationSoftware DescriptionThe DDS LibraryTestingFinal AssemblyPull-up Resistor ArrayInput ProtectionChassis ComponentsDC PowerFinal Testing and ClosingReducing the CostCost BreakdownResources
BackgroundHVAC OverviewTemperature Control BasicsSmart Temperature ControlProject ObjectivesDefinition and PlanningDesignFunctionalityEnclosureSchematicSoftwareUser Input/OutputControl OutputPrototypeDHT22 SensorRotary EncoderReal-Time Clock ModuleLCD ShieldSoftwareSource Code OrganizationSoftware DescriptionTestingFinal VersionAssemblyTesting and OperationCost BreakdownNext StepsResources
OverviewThe Design CycleObjectivesSelecting and Defining Functional RequirementsCreating the Preliminary DesignDesign FeasibilityPreliminary Parts ListPrototypeFinal DesignElectricalPhysicalSoftwareTesting and OperationCost Analysis
Hand ToolsScrewdriversPliers and CuttersWire StrippersConnector Crimping ToolsSawsPower ToolsDrillsMiniature GrinderMiniature Drill PressSolderingSoldering IronsSoldering AccessoriesTool Sources
ATmega168/328ATmega1280/2560ATmega32U4
Arduino ProductsHardware-Compatible Boards and ShieldsSoftware-Compatible BoardsSensors, Add-on Boards, and ModulesElectronics SoftwareOpen Source Schematic Capture ToolsCAE Software ToolsPCB Layout ToolsHardware, Components, and ToolsElectronic Component ManufacturersElectronics Distributors (USA)Discount and Surplus ElectronicsMechanical Parts and Hardware (Screws, Nuts, Bolts)Electronic Enclosures and ChassisToolsTest EquipmentPrinted Circuit Board Supplies and FabricatorsPrototype and Fast-Turnaround FabricatorsPCB Kit SourcesOther Sources
ArduinoAVRC and C++ ProgrammingGeneral ElectronicsInterfacesInstrumentationPrinted Circuit Boards
Compilers/AssemblersIntegrated Development Environments (IDEs)Programming ToolsSimulators

Content preview from Arduino: A Technical Reference

Chapter 2. The AVR Microcontroller

Because an AVR-based Arduino is really just a physical platform for an AVR microcontroller (i.e., a breakout board), the electrical characteristics of an Arduino are essentially those of the AVR device on the PCB. Understanding the low-level details of an Arduino is really a matter of understanding the AVR device that powers it. To that end, this chapter presents broadly applicable material consisting of high-level descriptions of the main functions utilized in the AVR family. This includes the AVR CPU and the so-called peripheral functions such as timers, counters, serial interface logic, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, analog comparators, and discrete digital I/O ports.

AVR microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of configurations and package types, which makes writing a chapter like this something of a challenge. Fortunately, the various types of 8-bit AVR devices use a common central processing unit (CPU) and a modular internal architecture built around an internal data bus. This allows for each variant to incorporate different combinations and quantities of functional modules into the AVR’s internal circuitry to meet specific design requirements and support different intended applications.

Due to practical limitations of space, the descriptions in this chapter are necessarily terse and focused on the essential characteristics, and don’t provide may of the low-level details that can be found in the reference documentation available ...