© The Author(s), under exclusive license to APress Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022
R. J. SmytheArduino Measurements in Sciencehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6781-3_5

5. Magnetics, Magnetoresistance, and Hall Effects

Richard J. Smythe1  
(1)
Wainfleet, ON, Canada
 

For millennia, pieces of naturally occurring magnetic minerals have been used to determine direction during journeys over land and sea. In the 1800s, the relationships between electric current flow and electromagnetism were distinguished from natural magnetism in minerals. The creation of electromagnetism then led to the explanation of the observed forces of attraction or repulsion created by magnetic poles.

Applications such as spinning magnetic fields are the source of most of ...

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