Appendix 1 A Chronology of AI
In our proposed timeline of AI history (Table A1.1), phases of armed conflict and important political events are highlighted (shaded rows and columns).
Table A1.1. A chronology of AI dates and milestones
| Milestones in AI history | Year | Country |
| Start of World War I1 | 1914 | |
| End of World War I | 1918 | |
| Play by Karel Čapek, R.U.R. (introduces the term “robot”) | 1921 | Czechoslovakia |
| Beginning of the USSR (December 30, 1922) | 1922 | USSR |
| Metropolis movie, whose heroine is a female humanoid robot | 1927 | Germany |
| Design of Japan’s first “robot”, Gakutensoku | 1929 | Japan |
| Beginning of World War II | 1939 | |
| American scientists W. McCulloch and W. Pitts attempted to create an artificial algorithm of neurons | 1943 | United States |
| End of World War II | 1945 | |
| Beginning of the First Indochina War (December 19, 1946) | 1946 | Indochina |
| Norbert Wiener published his book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (the first public use of the term cybernetics) | 1948 | United States |
| Dominique Dubarle published in the newspaper Le Monde the article “Vers la machine à gouverner”, devoted to cybernetics (after Wiener) (December 28, 1948) | 1948 | France |
| Edmund Berkeley published his book Giant Brains: Or Machines That Think (in which he compares early calculators to human brains) | 1949 | United States |
| Start of the Korean War (June 25, 1950) | 1950 | Korea |
| Turing’s test. Article “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”2 (published in the ... |
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