Color Plate Section 507
0.7 lagging
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
1
0.9 leading
0.8 leading
|Vr/Vs| as per Load Change (in SIL)
Real Power Load (SIL)
|Vr/Vs| (p.u.)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
P-V Curve
Active Power Transfer (p.u.)
Receiving End Bus Voltage (p.u.)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
MVA Limit
Voltage Limit
Stability Limit
Fig. 6.17 Receiving end voltage as per real power loading (105 km).
Fig. 6.18 Limits in transmission line capability.
508 Artifi cial Intelligence in Power System Optimization
P-V Curve
Active Power Transfer (p.u.)
Receiving End Bus Voltage (p.u.)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
MVA Limit
Short Line
(75 km)
Voltage Limit
Medium-Length
Line (150 km)
Long Line
(450 km)
Stability Limit
0.7 lagging
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
1
0.9 leading
0.8 leading
|V2/Vs| as per Load Change (in SIL)
|V2/V1| (p.u.)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Real Power Load (SIL)
Fig. 6.19 Line capability limits of three different line lengths.
Fig. 6.22 V
2
voltage as per power loading.
Color Plate Section 509
0.7 lagging
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
1
0.9 leading
0.8 leading
|V3/V1| as per Load Change (in SIL)
|V2/V1| (p.u.)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Real Power Load (SIL)
0.7 lagging
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
1
0.9 leading
0.8 leading
|V3/V1| as per Load Change (in SIL)
|V2/V1| (p.u.)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Real Power Load (SIL)
Fig. 6.23 V
3
Voltage as per power loading.
Fig. 6.25 V
3
voltage as per real power loading with full compensation of reactive power.
510 Artifi cial Intelligence in Power System Optimization
EP
PSO
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141
Fig. 6.27 Synchronous generator capability curve.
Fig. 6.31 Convergence characteristics (best solutions): TVAC-PSO vs. EP (Source from [29]).

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