Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health

Chapter 2. Assessing Exposures to Nanomaterials in the Occupational Environment

Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Ji Young Park and Peter C. Raynor

Chapter Outline

2.1 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles22

2.2 Exposure Routes23

2.2.1 Inhalation23

2.2.2 Dermal25

2.2.3 Ingestion25

2.3 Measurement of Health-related Exposure Metrics26

2.4 Instrumentation31

2.4.1 Real-time Measurements33

Mass Concentration33

Number Concentration33

Surface Area Concentration34

2.4.2 Time-integrated Measurements36

2.5 Exposure Assessment Strategy37

2.5.1 Basic Characterization39

Workplace and Workforce39

Understanding Exposure Potential in Processes40

Characterizing Nanomaterials41

Background Particles and Incidental Nanomaterials42

2.5.2 Exposure Assessment44

Construction of Similar Exposure Groups ...