book

Biochemistry for Nurses

Name: Biochemistry for Nurses
ISBN: 9788131768563

by Uma Bhardwaj, Ravindra Bhardwaj

December 2011

Intermediate to advanced

288 pages

9h 15m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Title Page
Contents
About the Authors
Dedication
Preface
1 - Introduction: Composition and Function of Cell
1.1 - Introduction to and Importance of Biochemistry1.2 - Structure, Composition and Function of Cell1.2.1 - Cell Wall1.2.2 - Bacterial Cell Wall1.2.3 - The Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane1.2.4 - Fimbrae and Pili1.2.5 - Capsules and Slime Layers1.2.6 - Flagellum (Singular)1.2.7 - Cell Membrane1.2.8 - Cytoplasm1.3 - Cell Organelles1.3.1 - Chloroplasts1.3.2 - Vacuole1.3.3 - Cytoskeleton1.3.4 - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)1.3.5 - Golgi Apparatus1.3.6 - Ribosomes1.3.7 - Mitochondrion1.3.8 - Lysosomes1.3.9 - Peroxisome1.3.10 - Centrioles1.3.11 - Nucleus1.4 - Cellular Organization: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell1.4.1 - Prokaryotic Cells1.4.2 - Eukaryotic Cells1.4.3 - Similarities Between Prokaryotic Cell and a Eukaryotic Cell1.5 - Microscopy1.5.1 - Light Microscopy1.5.2 - Bright Field Microscopy1.5.3 - Dark Field Microscopy1.5.4 - Phase Contrast Microscopy1.5.5 - Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy1.5.6 - Fluorescence Microscopy1.5.7 - Electron MicroscopyExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
2 - Structure and Functions of Cell Membrane
2.1 - Fluid-Mosaic Model2.2 - Cytoskeleton and Cell-Cell Interaction2.3 - Transport Mechanism Across Plasma Membrane2.3.1 - Diffusion2.3.2 - Osmosis2.3.3 - Facilitated Diffusion2.3.4 - Membrane Channels2.3.5 - Membrane Transporters2.3.6 - Active Transport: Na+-K+ Pump2.4 - Acid-Base Balance: Blood pH, Buffering and Diagnosis2.4.1 - Symptoms and Diagnosis2.5 - Chemistry of Water, pH and Buffers2.5.1 - Buffers2.5.2 - Buffering Action2.6 - Water Electrolyte BalanceExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
3 - Composition and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
3.1 - Introduction to Carbohydrates3.2 - Classification of Carbohydrates3.2.1 - Monosaccharides3.2.2 - Disaccharides3.2.3 - Oligosaccharides3.2.4 - Polysaccharides3.3 - Classification of Monosaccharides3.3.1 - Monosaccharides Have Asymmetric Carbon Atom3.3.2 - Enantiomer3.3.3 - D and L Forms3.3.4 - Epimers3.3.5 - Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharide3.3.6 - Pyranose and Furanose Rings3.3.7 - α and β Anomers3.3.8 - Isomerism3.3.9 - Chemical Properties of Monosaccharide3.4 - Disaccharides3.4.1 - Sucrose3.4.2 - Lactose3.4.3 - Maltose3.5 - Polysaccharides3.5.1 - Storage Polysaccharides3.5.2 - Structural Polysaccharides3.6 - Oligosaccharides3.7 - Qualitative Tests for Identification of Carbohydrates3.7.1 - Identifying Reducing Sugars3.7.2 - Benedict's Test3.7.3 - Barfoed's Test3.7.4 - Flowchart for Classifying an Unknown Carbohydrate3.8 - Introduction to Carbohydrate Metabolism3.9 - Glycolysis3.9.1 - Reactions of Glycolysis Pathway3.9.2 - Preparatory Phase of Glycolysis3.9.3 - Fates of Pyruvate After Glycolysis3.9.4 - Overall Process of Glycolysis3.9.5 - Post-glycolytic Processes3.9.6 - Anaerobic Respiration3.9.7 - Aerobic Respiration3.10 - Gluconeogenesis3.10.1 - Pathway of Gluconeogenesis3.11 - Cori Cycle3.12 - Pentose Phosphate Pathway3.13 - Citric Acid Cycle3.14 - Glycogenesis3.14.1 - Steps of Glycogenesis Pathway3.15 - Glycogenolysis3.15.1 - Function3.15.2 - Clinical Significance3.15.3 - Reaction3.15.4 - Regulation3.16 - Regulation of Blood Glucose: Glucose Utilization After a Meal3.16.1 - Insulin3.16.2 - Maintenance of Blood Glucose Between Meals3.16.3 - The Glucagon3.16.4 - Supply of Glucose to Exercising Muscle3.16.5 - Glycogen Metabolism in Liver and Muscle3.16.6 - Role of Glucose 6-phosphatase3.16.7 - Conversion of Excess Glucose to Fat3.17 - Carbohydrate Metabolic Disorder and Diseases, Their Investigations and Interpretation3.17.1 - Diabetes Mellitus3.17.2 - Glycogen Storage Diseases3.17.3 - Galactosemia3.17.4 - Hereditary Fructose Intolerance3.17.5 - Mucopolysaccharidoses3.17.6 - Disorders of Pyruvate Metabolism3.18 - Summary of Carbohydrate MetabolismExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
4 - Composition and Metabolism of Lipids
4.1 - Introduction4.1.1 - Definitions4.2 - Classification of Lipids4.2.1 - Simple Lipids4.2.2 - Compound Lipids4.2.3 - Terpenoids and Steroids4.2.4 - Derived Lipids4.3 - Simple Lipids4.3.1 - Structure of Triacylglycerides4.3.2 - Fats4.3.3 - Waxes4.4 - Compound Lipids4.4.1 - Basic Structure of Phospholipids4.4.2 - Phospholipid Structures4.4.3 - Non-phosphorylated Lipids4.5 - Terpenoids and Steroids4.5.1 - Terpenes4.5.2 - Steroids4.5.3 - Animal Sterols4.5.4 - Bile Acids4.6 - Derived Lipids4.6.1 - Fatty Acids4.6.2 - Eicosanoids4.7 - Qualitative Test of Lipids4.8 - Metabolism of Fatty Acids4.8.1 - Fatty Acids Transport into Mitochondria4.8.2 - Fatty Acids Oxidation4.8.3 - b-Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids4.9 - Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids4.9.1 - Difference Between Fatty Acid Synthesis and b-oxidation Pathways4.9.2 - Digestion and Transport of Fatty Acids4.10 - Cholesterol Metabolism4.10.1 - Biosynthesis of Cholesterol4.10.2 - Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis4.10.3 - Transport of Cholesterol4.10.4 - Catabolism of Cholesterol4.11 - Classification of Plasma Lipoproteins and the Systemic Pathway of Lipids4.12 - Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols4.12.1 - Triacylglycerol Metabolism in the Intestines, Liver and Mammary Glands4.13 - Metabolic Disorder of LipidsExercisesMultiple Choice Questions

5 - Composition and Metabolism of Amino Acids and Proteins
5.1 - Introduction5.1.1 - Essential Amino Acids5.1.2 - Non-essential Amino Acids5.2 - Structure of Amino Acids5.3 - Classification of Amino Acids5.4 - Amino Acid Metabolism5.5 - Biosynthesis of Non-essential Amino Acids5.5.1 - Glutamate and Aspartate5.5.2 - Glucose-Alanine Cycle5.5.3 - Cysteine Biosynthesis5.5.4 - Tyrosine Biosynthesis5.5.5 - Ornithine and Proline Biosynthesis5.5.6 - Serine Biosynthesis5.5.7 - Glycine Biosynthesis5.6 - Amino Acid Catabolism5.6.1 - Glutamine/Glutamate and Asparagine/Aspartate Catabolism5.6.2 - Alanine Catabolism5.6.3 - Arginine, Ornithine and Proline Catabolism5.6.4 - Proline Catabolism is a Reversal of its Synthesis Process5.6.5 - Serine Catabolism5.6.6 - Threonine Catabolism5.6.7 - Glycine Catabolism5.6.8 - Cysteine Catabolism5.6.9 - Methionine Catabolism5.6.10 - Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Catabolism5.6.11 - Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Catabolism5.6.12 - Lysine Catabolism5.6.13 - Histidine Catabolism5.6.14 - Tryptophan Catabolism5.7 - Proteins5.7.1 - Introduction to Proteins5.7.2 - Importance of Proteins5.7.3 - Structure of Proteins5.8 - Protein Synthesis5.8.1 - Preparing for Protein Synthesis5.8.2 - Amino acid AMP Enzyme Complex + tRNA5.8.3 - Initiation Step5.8.4 - Elongation Step5.8.5 - Termination5.9 - Glycosylation of Proteins5.10 - Protein Targeting5.11 - Sequencing of Proteins5.11.1 - Amino-terminal Sequence Determination5.11.2 - Sanger's Reagent5.11.3 - Dansyl Chloride5.11.4 - Edman Degradation5.12 - Denaturation Of Proteins5.12.1 - Heat5.13 - Precipitation of Proteins5.14 - Protease Digestion5.15 - Chemical Digestion of Proteins5.16 - Chromatography5.16.1 - Size Exclusion Chromatography5.16.2 - Ion Exchange Chromatography5.16.3 - Affinity Chromatography5.16.4 - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)5.17 - Electrophoresis of Proteins5.18 - Nitrogenous Constituent of Urine5.18.1 - Composition of Urine5.18.2 - Urea5.18.3 - Ammonia5.18.4 - Uric Acid and Other Purines5.18.5 - Creatinine and Creatine5.18.6 - Amino Acids5.18.7 - Hippuric Acid5.18.8 - Allantoin5.18.9 - Proteins5.18.10 - Ketone Bodies5.19 - Urea Cycle5.20 - Porphyrins, Hemes, Haemoglobin, Blood and Plasma Proteins, and Chlorophylls5.20.1 - Porphyrins5.20.2 - Haemoglobin5.20.3 - Blood and Plasma Proteins5.20.4 - Chlorophylls5.21 - Enzymes and Co-enzymes5.21.1 - Enzymes and Their Nature5.21.2 - Classification and Nomenclature5.21.3 - Factors Affecting Enzyme Catalysis5.21.4 - The Effects of Enzyme Inhibitors5.21.5 - Theories (Mechanism) of Enzyme Catalysis (Action)5.21.6 - Cofactors and Coenzymes5.21.7 - IsoenzymesExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
6 - Vitamins
6.1 - Introduction to Vitamins6.1.1 - History of Vitamins6.1.2 - Classification of Vitamins6.1.3 - List of Vitamins6.2 - Fat-Soluble Vitamins6.2.1 - Vitamin A6.2.2 - Vitamin D6.2.3 - Vitamin E6.2.4 - Vitamin K6.3 - Water-Soluble Vitamins6.3.1 - Thiamine (Vitamin B1)6.3.2 - Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 or Vitamin G)6.3.3 - Niacin (Vitamin B3 Or Vitamin Pp)6.3.4 - Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)6.3.5 - Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)6.3.6 - Biotin (Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H)6.3.7 - Folic Acid (Vitamin B9 or Vitamin M)6.3.8 - Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)6.3.9 - Vitamin C or L-ascorbic Acid6.4 - Minerals6.4.1 - Source and Functions of Macro Minerals6.4.2 - Source and Functions of Micro Minerals6.4.3 - Macro Minerals6.4.4 - Micronutrient or Trace MineralsExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
7 - Immunochemistry
7.1 - Introduction7.1.1 - Types of Immunity7.2 - Production of Antibodies7.2.1 - Immunoglobulin (Ig) or Antibody (Ab)7.2.2 - Structure of Immunoglobulins7.2.3 - Immunoglobulin Fragments: Structure-Function Relationships7.2.4 - Human Immunoglobulin Classes7.2.5 - The Role of Antibodies7.3 - Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)7.3.1 - HLA Typing: Clinical Testing for Tissue Typing and Organ Transplant7.3.2 - Diseases of HLA7.4 - Antioxidants7.4.1 - Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage7.5 - Quantitative Determination of Immunoglobulins7.5.1 - Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)7.6 - Myosin Proteins7.7 - Human Eye Lens StructureExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
8 - Composition and Metabolism of Nucleic Acids
8.1 - Introduction of Nucleic Acids8.2 - The Structure of Nucleic Acids8.2.1 - Purines and Pyrimidines8.2.2 - Bases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides8.3 - Structure of DNA8.4 - Structure of RNA8.5 - Types of RNA8.6 - Nucleic Acid Metabolism8.7 - Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides8.8 - Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides8.9 - Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides8.10 - Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides8.11 - Salvage Pathway8.12 - Metabolic Disorder of Nucleic AcidsExercisesMultiple Choice Questions
Appendix
Glossary
Acknowledgements
Copyright

Overview

Biochemistry for Nurses has been designed considering the syllabi requirements laid down by The Indian Nursing Council and other premier institutes/universities. Book covers the most up-to-date developments in the area of Biochemistry and presents all the essential course information required for all UG course in an easy-to-follow and step-by-step format.

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