Chapter 11
History of Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity
Abstract
The study of bioelectricity before 1900 is linked to William Gilbert, Luigi Galvani, Franklin, Einthoven, Faraday, and Maxwell. It can be divided in five periods according to the sources of electricity available:
• Continuous static electricity from 1663—von Guericke's electrostatic device (high voltage);
• Static electricity discharge pulses from 1745—the Leyden jar (high-voltage discharge);
• Continuous DC current from 1800—Volta electrochemical battery (low voltage, high current);
• High-voltage/current pulses from 1831—Faraday's induction coil;
• Continuous AC current from 1867—Werner von Siemens' rotating dynamo (high power).
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