book

Biomedical Imaging: Principles and Applications

by Reiner Salzer

May 2012

Intermediate to advanced

448 pages

14h 39m

English

Wiley

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Data Analysis1.3 ApplicationsReferences
2.1 Introduction2.2 Image Reconstruction2.3 Image Data Representation: Pixel Size and Image Resolution2.4 Consequences of Limited Spatial Resolution2.5 Tomographic Data Evaluation: Tasks2.6 SummaryReferences
3.1 Basics3.2 Instrumentation3.3 Clinical Applications3.4 Radiation Exposure to Patients and EmployeesReferences
4.1 Basics4.2 Instrumentation4.3 Measurement Techniques4.4 Applications4.5 OutlookReferences
5.1 Introduction5.2 Magnetic Nuclei Spin in a Magnetic Field5.3 Image Creation5.4 Image Reconstruction5.5 Image Resolution5.6 Noise in the Image—SNR5.7 Image Weighting and Pulse Sequence Parameters TE and TR5.8 A Menagerie of Pulse Sequences5.9 Enhanced Diagnostic Capabilities of MRI—Contrast Agents5.10 Molecular MRI5.11 Reading the Mind—Functional MRI5.12 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy5.13 MR Hardware5.14 MRI Safety5.15 Imaging Artefacts in MRI5.16 Advanced MR Technology and Its Possible Future5.17 AcknowledgmentsReferences

6.1 Introduction6.2 Historical Perspective6.3 Stains for CLEM6.4 Probes for CLEM6.5 Clem Applications6.6 Future PerspectiveReferences
7.1 Introduction7.2 Instrumentation7.3 Measurement Techniques7.4 Applications7.5 AcknowledgementsReferences
8.1 Introduction8.2 Contrast Mechanisms8.3 Direct Methods: Fluorescent Probes8.4 Indirect Methods: Fluorescent Proteins8.5 Microscopy8.6 Macroscopic Imaging/Tomography8.7 Planar Imaging8.8 Tomography8.9 Conclusion8.10 AcknowledgmentsReferences
9.1 Introduction9.2 Instrumentation9.3 Raman Imaging9.4 Sampling Techniques9.5 Data Analysis and Image Evaluation9.6 ApplicationsReferences
10.1 Basics10.2 Theory10.3 CARS Microscopy in Practice10.4 Instrumentation10.5 Laser Sources10.6 Data Acquisition10.7 Measurement Techniques10.8 Applications10.9 Conclusions10.10 AcknowledgementsReferences
11.1 Basic Principles11.2 Instrumentation of Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging11.3 Measurement Techniques of Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging11.4 Application Examples of Biomedical SonographyReferences
12.1 Sound Waves and Basics of Acoustic Microscopy12.2 Types of Acoustic Microscopy12.3 Biomedical Applications of Acoustic Microscopy12.4 Examples of Tissue Investigations using SAM12.5 AcknowledgementsReferences

Content preview from Biomedical Imaging: Principles and Applications

Chapter 5

Magnetic Resonance Technology

Boguslaw Tomanek and Jonathan C. Sharp

Institute for Biodiagnostics (West), National Research Council of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

5.1 Introduction

Magnetic resonance technology comprises the hardware, software, and imaging techniques used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). MRI has become one of the most useful imaging techniques used in medical diagnosis. Thousands of MRI systems have been produced and installed in clinics since the first introduction to hospitals in the early 1980s. In recognition of the importance of MRI to the practice of medicine, Dr Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries concerning MRI. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) phenomenon, on which MRI is based, was discovered in 1945 by Purcell, Torrey, and Pound at Harvard (1) and independently by Bloch, Hansen, and Packard at Stanford (2). This followed the discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance by J. Zawoysky in 1944. Their work was continued by Hahn (3), who discovered the Spin Echo (SE), and Gabillard (4, 5), who showed that a magnetic field gradient can be used to obtain the spatial distribution of a sample of spins. These discoveries were used exclusively in chemistry until the 1950s, when NMR began to find an application in medicine with the discovery of the relationship between relaxation times and water content in tissue. This was confirmed by ...