vii
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Author xix
1 An Introduction to Biometrics 1
Our Unique Features: Physiological and Behavioral 1
How Our Unique Features Can Positively Identify Us: The World of Biometrics 5
A Formal Denition of Biometrics 6
What Is Recognition? 7
Physiological and Behavioral Biometrics 7
What the Future Holds 8
The Granular Components of Recognition 9
Dening the Biometric Template 12
The Mathematical Files of the Biometric Templates 12
Understanding Some of the Myths Behind Biometrics 13
Understanding the Differences of Verication and Enrollment Templates 14
Summary of Points Covered 15
The Biometric Process Illustrated 16
For the CIO: What Biometric System to Procure? 17
For the CIO: Important KPIs to Be Examined 18
Looking beyond the KPI 22
U.S. Federal Government Biometric Metrics and KPI 23
Biometric Data Interchange Formats 23
Common Biometric Exchange Format Framework 26
Biometric Technical Interface Standards 28
U.S. Federal Government Biometric Testing Standards 30
A Review of Biometric Sensors 31
Optical Scanners 32
Solid-State Sensors 33
Ultrasound Sensors 34
Temperature Differential Sensors 34
Multispectral Imaging Sensors 34
Touchless Fingerprint Sensors 35
CCD Cameras 35
3-D Sensors/Review of Biometric Sensors in Use 36
CONTENTS
viii
The Disadvantages of Sensors 39
Typical Biometric Market Segments 40
Logical Access Control 40
Physical Access Control 41
Time and Attendance 42
Law Enforcement 43
Surveillance 45
Review of Chapter 1 48
2 A Review of the Present and Future Biometric Technologies 49
The Biometric Technologies of Today: Physical and Behavioral 49
Differences between Physical Biometrics and Behavioral Biometrics 50
Which One to Use: Physical or Behavioral Biometrics? 51
Fingerprint Recognition 52
The Unique Features 54
The Process of Fingerprint Recognition 55
Fingerprint Recognition Quality Control Checks 56
Methods of Fingerprint Collection 57
The Matching Algorithm 58
Fingerprint Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 59
Market Applications of Fingerprint Recognition 62
Hand Geometry Recognition 65
Hand Geometry Recognition: Enrollment Process 66
Hand Geometry Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 67
Vein Pattern Recognition 69
Components of Vein Pattern Recognition 71
How Vein Pattern Recognition Works 71
Vein Pattern Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 72
Palm Print Recognition 75
How Palm Print Recognition Works 76
Palm Print Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 76
Facial Recognition 76
Facial Recognition: How It Works 77
Dening the Effectiveness of a Facial Recognition System 79
Techniques of Facial Recognition 80
Facial Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 82
Applications of Facial Recognition 84
The Eye: The Iris and the Retina 86
The Iris 87
CONTENTS
ix
The Physiological Structure of the Iris 87
Iris Recognition: How It Works 89
The Market Applications of Iris Recognition 90
Iris Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 90
The Retina 93
The Physiology of the Retina 95
The Process of Retinal Recognition 96
Retinal Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 98
Voice Recognition 100
Voice Recognition: How It Works 100
Factors Affecting Voice Recognition 101
Voice Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 102
The Market Applications of Voice Recognition 103
Signature Recognition 104
The Differences between a Signature and Signature Recognition 105
Signature Recognition: How It Works 105
Signature Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 107
Keystroke Recognition 109
Keystroke Recognition: How It Works 110
Keystroke Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 111
Biometric Technologies of the Future 113
DNA Recognition 114
DNA Recognition: How It Works 114
DNA Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 116
Gait Recognition 117
The Process behind Gait Recognition 117
Gait Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 118
Earlobe Recognition 120
Earlobe Recognition: How It Works 120
Earlobe Recognition: Advantages and Disadvantages 121
Review of Chapter 2 122
3 For the C-Level Executive: A Biometrics Project Management Guide 125
Biometric Technology System Architecture 125
Sensing and Data Acquisition 126
Multimodal Biometric Systems 127
Single Sign-On Solutions 128
Implementing a Multimodal Biometric System 129
Challenges with Multimodal Biometric Systems 131
CONTENTS
x
Signal and Image Processing 133
Preprocessing of the Biometric Raw Image 133
Quality Control Checks 135
Image Enhancement 136
Feature Extraction 137
Postprocessing 138
Data Compression 138
Data Storage 139
Search and Retrieval Techniques 140
Database Search Algorithms 141
Backup and Recovery of the Database 143
Database Congurations 144
Template Matching 145
Threshold Decision Making 147
Administration Decision Making 150
Biometric Templates Adaptation 152
Establishment of the Security Threshold Values 152
Reporting and Control 152
System Mode Adjustment 153
Privileges to End Users 153
Data Transmission 153
Biometrics Project Management 154
System Concepts and Classication Schemes 155
Upgrading to a Newer Biometric System? 157
The Feasibility Study 158
Application Classiers 159
System Design and Interoperability Factors and Considerations 161
COTS-Based Biometric Systems 161
Proprietary or Open-Ended System? 162
Infrastructure Assessment 163
The Human Equation 164
Ergonomic Issues 165
The Feedback System 166
Population Dynamics 167
Systems Requirements Analysis 169
System Requirements Elicitation 170
System Requirement Analysis and Regulation 170
System Requirements Documentation 171
System Requirements Validation 172
Biometric System Specications 172

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