book

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, 3rd Edition

by Matthew DeLisa, Michael L. Shuler, Fikret Kargi

March 2017

Intermediate to advanced

656 pages

21h 47m

English

Pearson

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Acknowledgments
1.1. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering1.2. Differing Approaches to Research for Biologists and Engineers1.3. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers work Together1.4. Bioprocesses: Regulatory ConstraintsSuggestions for Further ReadingQuestions

2.1. Microbial Diversity2.1.1. Naming Cells2.1.2. Viruses2.1.3. Procaryotes2.1.4. Eucaryotes2.2. Cell Construction2.2.1. Amino Acids and Proteins2.2.2. Carbohydrates: Mono-and Polysaccharides2.2.3. Lipids, Fats, and Steroids2.2.4. Nucleic Acids, RNA, and DNA2.3. Cell Nutrients2.3.1. Macronutrients2.3.2. Micronutrients2.3.3. Growth Media2.4. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingQuestions
3.1. How Enzymes Work3.2. Enzyme Kinetics3.2.1. Mechanistic Models for Simple Enzyme Kinetics3.2.2. Determining Rate Parameters for Michaelis–Menten Kinetics3.2.3. Models for More Complex Enzyme Kinetics3.2.4. Effects of pH and Temperature3.2.5. Insoluble Substrates3.2.6. Multiphase Enzymatic Reactions3.3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems3.3.1. Methods of Immobilization3.3.2. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Enzyme Systems3.3.3. Electrostatic and Steric Effects in Immobilized Enzyme Systems3.4. Large-Scale Production of Enzymes3.5. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes3.6. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
4.1. The Central Dogma4.2. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Message4.3. Transcription: Sending the Message4.4. Translation: Going from Message to Product4.4.1. Genetic Code: Universal Message4.4.2. Translation: How the Machinery Works4.4.3. Posttranslational Processing: Making the Product Useful4.5. Metabolic Regulation4.5.1. Genetic-Level Control: Which Proteins Are Synthesized?4.5.2. Metabolic Pathway Control4.6. How the Cell Senses its Extracellular Environment4.6.1. Transporting Small Molecules across Cellular Membranes4.6.2. Role of Cell Receptors in Metabolism and Cellular Differentiation4.7. Summary4.8. Appendix: Example Regulation of Complex Pathways†Suggestions for Further ReadingProblems
5.1. Bioenergetics5.2. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle5.3. Respiration5.4. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism5.5. Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds5.6. Nitrogen Fixation5.7. Metabolism of Hydrocarbons5.8. Biodegradation of Xenobiotics5.9. Overview of Biosynthesis5.10. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism5.11. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism5.12. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingQuestions
6.1. Batch Growth6.1.1. Quantifying Cell Concentration6.1.2. Growth Patterns and Kinetics in Batch Culture6.1.3. How Environmental Conditions Affect Growth Kinetics6.1.4. Heat Generation by Microbial Growth6.2. Quantifying Growth Kinetics6.2.1. Unstructured Nonsegregated Models6.2.2. Models for Transient Behavior6.2.3. Cybernetic Models6.3. Cell Growth In Continuous Culture6.3.1. Specific Devices for Continuous Culture6.3.2. The Ideal Chemostat6.3.3. The Chemostat as a Tool6.3.4. Deviations from Ideality6.4. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
7.1. Coefficients for ATP Consumption and Oxygen7.2. Stoichiometric Calculations7.2.1. Elemental Balances7.2.2. Degree of Reduction7.3. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients7.4. Estimation of Elemental cell Composition7.5. Stoichiometry by Oxidation-Reduction Half-Reactions7.6. Thermodynamics of Biological Reactions7.7. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
8.1. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities Through Mutation and Selection8.1.1. How Mutations Occur8.1.2. Selecting for Desirable Mutants8.2. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement8.2.1. Genetic Recombination8.2.2. Transformation8.2.3. Transduction8.2.4. Episomes and Conjugation8.2.5. Transposons: Internal Gene Transfer8.3. Genetically Engineering Cells8.3.1. Basic Elements of Genetic Engineering8.3.2. Genetic Engineering of Higher Organisms8.3.3. Genome Engineering8.4. Genomics8.4.1. Experimental Techniques8.4.2. Computational Techniques8.5. SummarySuggestions For Further ReadingProblems
9.1. Choosing the Cultivation Method9.2. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors9.2.1. Chemostat with Recycle9.2.2. Multistage Chemostat Systems9.2.3. Fed-Batch Operation9.2.4. Perfusion Systems9.2.5. Membrane Bioreactors9.3. Immobilized cell Systems9.3.1. Active Immobilization of Cells9.3.2. Passive Immobilization: Biological Films9.3.3. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Cell Systems9.3.4. Bioreactor Considerations in Immobilized Cell Systems9.4. Hybrid Bioreactors: Attached and Suspended Cells9.5. Solid-State Fermentations9.6. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
10.1. Scale-Up and its Difficulties10.1.1. Overview of Traditional Reactor Types10.1.2. Reactors with Internal Mechanical Agitation10.1.3. Bubble Column and Loop Reactor10.1.4. Single-Use Bioreactors10.1.5. Considerations in Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer10.1.6. Approaches to Scale-Up10.1.7. Scale-Down and Microbioreactors10.2. Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control10.2.1. Instrumentation for Measurements of Active Fermentation10.2.2. Using the Information Obtained10.3. Sterilization of Process Fluids10.3.1. The Kinetics of Death10.3.2. Sterilization of Liquids10.3.3. Sterilization of Gases10.4. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
11.1. Strategies to Recover and Purify Products11.2. Separation of Insoluble Products11.2.1. Filtration11.2.2. Centrifugation11.2.3. Coagulation and Flocculation11.3. Cell Disruption11.3.1. Mechanical Methods11.3.2. Nonmechanical Methods11.4. Separation of Soluble Products11.4.1. Liquid–Liquid Extraction11.4.2. Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction11.4.3. Precipitation11.4.4. Dialysis11.4.5. Reverse Osmosis11.4.6. Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration11.4.7. Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration11.4.8. Adsorption11.4.9. Chromatography11.4.10. Electrophoresis11.4.11. Electrodialysis11.5. Finishing Steps for Purification11.5.1. Crystallization11.5.2. Drying11.6. Integration of Reaction and Separation11.7. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
12.1. Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells12.2. Methods used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells12.2.1. Basic Techniques for Animal Cell Culture12.2.2. Growth Media12.2.3. Growth Dynamics for Animal Cells12.3. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal cell Culture12.4. Bioreactor Systems for Animal Cell Culture12.4.1. Nonstirred Reactor Systems12.4.2. Systems for Entrapped Cells in Stirred Reactors12.4.3. Suspended Cultures12.5. Products of Animal Cell Cultures12.6. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
13.1. Why Plant Cell Cultures?13.2. Plant cells in Culture Compared to Microbes13.3. Bioreactor Considerations13.3.1. Bioreactors for Suspension Cultures13.3.2. Reactors Using Cell Immobilization13.3.3. Bioreactors for Organized Tissues13.4. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures13.5. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
14.1. How the Product Influences Process Decisions14.2. Guidelines for Choosing Host–Vector Systems14.2.1. Escherichia Coli14.2.2. Gram-Positive Bacteria14.2.3. Lower Eucaryotic Cells14.2.4. Mammalian Cells14.2.5. Insect Cell–Baculovirus System14.2.6. Transgenic Animals14.2.7. Transgenic Plants and Plant Cell Culture14.2.8. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis14.2.9. Comparison of Strategies14.3. Process Constraints: Genetic Instability14.3.1. Segregational Loss14.3.2. Plasmid Structural Instability14.3.3. Host Cell Mutations14.3.4. Growth-Rate-Dominated Instability14.4. Avoiding Process Problems in Plasmid Design14.5. Predicting Host–Vector Interactions and Genetic Instability14.6. Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes14.7. Metabolic Engineering14.8. Synthetic and Systems Biology14.9. Protein Engineering14.10. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
15.1. Tissue Engineering15.1.1. What Is Tissue Engineering?15.1.2. Tissue-Engineered Skin Replacements15.1.3. Chondrocyte Culture for Cartilage Replacement15.2. Gene Therapy Using Viral Vectors15.2.1. Models of Viral Infection15.2.2. Mass Production of Retrovirus15.3. Bioreactors15.3.1. Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis15.3.2. Extracorporeal Artificial Liver15.3.3. Body-on-a-Chip Systems15.4. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
16.1. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures16.2. Simple Models Describing Mixed-Culture Interactions16.3. Mixed Cultures in Nature16.4. Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures16.5. Biological Waste Treatment16.5.1. Biological Waste-Treatment Processes16.5.2. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems16.5.3. Conversion of Wastewater to Useful Products16.6. SummarySuggestions for Further ReadingProblems
A.1. Anaerobic BioprocessesA.1.1. Ethanol ProductionA.1.2. Lactic Acid ProductionA.1.3. Acetone–Butanol ProductionA.2. Aerobic ProcessesA.2.1. Citric Acid ProductionA.2.2. Production of Baker’s YeastA.2.3. Production of PenicillinsA.2.4. Production of High-Fructose Corn SyrupA.3. Bioprocess Technologies: Biofuel and Bioenergy Production from BiomassA.3.1. Production of Liquid FuelsA.3.2. Production of Gaseous Fuels from BiomassA.3.3. Bioelectricity Generation from Wastes Using Microbial Fuel CellsSuggestions for Further Reading

Content preview from Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, 3rd Edition

15. Medical Applications of Bioprocess Engineering

With increasing knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, the boundary between traditional bioprocess engineering and biomedical engineering has become increasingly fuzzy. In this chapter, we consider examples in which bioprocess principles are critical to solution of medical problems. Two important areas are tissue engineering and gene therapy using viral vectors. These are just two examples; other medical applications exist, and their number will undoubtedly increase. Indeed, we have already mentioned the use of transgenic plants as a source for edible vaccines and the techniques of microfabrication applied to make miniature process facilities for rapid DNA analysis to allow genome analysis ...