Identity, as presented by Yoshikawa and Hoffman in their accounts of intercultural competence, can be taken to be a hybrid, multilayered, dynamic, and polyphonic narrative construct that is mediated and maintained by socioculturally generated semiotic systems and by patterns of action. The intercultural dimension adds new possibilities for construing one’s identity, and these are typically experienced by the subject as liberating and empowering, as Yoshikawa describes in summing up his intercultural experience: “I feel I am much freer than ever before, not only in the cognitive domain (perception, thoughts, etc.), but also in the affective (feeling, attitudes, etc.) and behavioral domains” (Yoshikawa 1978: 220, cited in Kim 2009: 59). The cognitive, ...

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