CHAPTER 1

Four Industrial Revolutions

Throughout the ages, a host of innovations have steadily driven mankind forward, with each successive development contributing a little boost to the pace of human advancement. Novel ideas and inventions have helped us to tell direction, buy and sell in standard measures of value, print books, travel faster and further, see farther, see smaller, communicate beyond earshot, subdue inhospitable terrain, overcome the darkness of night, and cure disease. They include the compass, money, the printing press, the domestication of horses and camels, the telescope, magnifying lenses, gunpowder, the electric light, and antibiotics.

Yet, when we consider the large swathes of time involved and contrast them with the relatively ...

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